Beyond Feelings

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Overgeneralization and stereotyping Oversimplification Post hoc fallacy The Error Contradiction CHAPTER 13 The Errors in Combination Errors of Expression 147 drawing a hasty conclusion, identify all possible conclusions before you select any one. Then decide whether you have sufficient evidence to support any of those conclusions and, if so, which conclusion that is. Overgeneralization is ascribing to all the members of a group a quality that fits only some members. A stereotype is an overgeneralization that is rigidly maintained. To avoid these errors, resist the urge to force individual people, places, and things into hard categories. And keep in mind that the more limited your experience, the more modest your assertions should be. Oversimplification goes beyond making complex ideas easier to grasp—it twists and distorts the ideas. Instead of informing people, oversimplification misleads them. To avoid this error, refuse to adopt superficial views and make a special effort to understand issues in their complexity. This error is rooted in the idea that when one thing occurs after another, it must be the result of the other, when in reality the sequence may be coincidental. To avoid the post hoc fallacy, withhold judgment of a causeand-effect relationship until you have ruled out other possible causes, including coincidence. How to Recognize and Deal with It To claim that a statement is both true and false at the same time in the same way. To avoid this
148 PART TWO The Pitfalls Arguing in a circle Meaningless statement Mistaken authority False analogy Irrational appeal error, monitor what you say and write. The moment you detect any inconsistency, examine it carefully. Decide whether it is explainable or whether it constitutes a contradiction. If it is a contradiction, revise your statement to make it consistent and reasonable. Attempting to prove a statement by repeating it in a different form. To avoid this error, check your arguments to be sure you are offering genuine evidence and not merely repeating your claim. A statement in which the reasoning presented makes no sense. To avoid this error, check to be sure that the reasons you offer to explain your thoughts and actions really do explain them. Ascribing authority to someone who does not possess it. To avoid this error, check to be sure that all the sources you cite as authorities possess expertise in the particular subject you are writing or speaking about. An analogy is an attempt to explain something relatively unfamiliar by referring to something different but more familiar, saying, in effect, “This is like that.” A false analogy claims similarities that do not withstand scrutiny. To avoid this error, test your analogies to be sure that the similarities they claim are real and reasonable and that no important dissimilarities exist. Appeals to emotion, tradition, moderation, authority, common belief, and tolerance may be either rational or irrational.
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Beyond Feelings A Guide to Critical
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To the memory of Howard Trumble, wh
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vi CONTENTS Imperfect Memory 35 Def
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viii CONTENTS Using Your Inventory
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x PRFACE evaluate them carefully wh
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xii PRFACE Aimee Ross-Kilroy, Loyol
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2 INTRODUCTION applications cover p
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CHAPTER 1 Who Are You? Suppose some
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6 PART ONE The Context The Influenc
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8 PART ONE The Context What effects
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14 PART ONE The Context 1. Do a bri
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CHAPTER 2 What Is Critical Thinking
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24 PART ONE The Context Basic Activ
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30 PART ONE The Context Application
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CHAPTER 3 What Is Truth? For hundre
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34 PART ONE The Context You have he
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36 PART ONE The Context in their ti
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38 PART ONE The Context to express
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40 PART ONE The Context the example
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42 PART ONE The Context ripples can
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44 PART ONE The Context Application
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48 PART ONE The Context We may not
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64 PART ONE The Context In the 1980
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66 PART ONE The Context What are th
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68 PART ONE The Context 2. Resist t
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70 PART ONE The Context 9. Think of
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CHAPTER 6 What Is Evidence? To stat
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74 PART ONE The Context the conclus
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76 PART ONE The Context EXPERT OPIN
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78 PART ONE The Context Were they o
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80 PART ONE The Context When the ev
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82 PART ONE The Context A Differenc
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84 PART ONE The Context It can be h
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88 PART ONE The Context When an arg
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92 PART ONE The Context The U. S. C
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CHAPTER 8 The Basic Problem: ”Min
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198 PART THREE A Strategy As the ex
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200 PART THREE A Strategy 1. Strive
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202 PART THREE A Strategy MAKE YOUR
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204 PART THREE A Strategy and dismi
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CHAPTER 19 Persuading Others When y
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208 PART THREE A Strategy the compa
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216 PART THREE A Strategy Violates
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218 PART THREE A Strategy Neither i
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220 PART THREE A Strategy restore t
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222 PART THREE A Strategy by the an
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Notes CHAPTER 1: WHO ARE YOU? 1. Th
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226 NOTES 7. “Town’s Terror Fro
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228 NOTES CHAPTER 8: THE BASIC PROB
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230 NOTES 5. “An Exercise in Educ
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abortion, 104, 138 absolutism, 108,
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Henry, Carl F., 99-100 Henslin, Jam
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psychology, 6-7, 11-13, 161 publish
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Beyond Feelings

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