Beyond Feelings

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CHAPTER 17 Conducting Inquiry 179 blast-off would increase an astronaut’s heartbeat to a fatal level. (There was strong medical evidence to support this view.) Others believed that weightlessness would cause vital organs to malfunction and atrophy. 1 Both dire predictions proved mistaken, but any inquiry into the issue undertaken before the first successful launch would necessarily have been incomplete. Which mountain in the Sinai desert did Moses really climb? The Bible gives it a name (actually two names), but scholars differ on where it is located. Strong claims are advanced for three different mountains in three countries. No conclusive answer has been reached despite more than three thousand years of inquiry. 2 Some questions are even more resistant to inquiry—for example, the question, Are there intelligent life-forms in our solar system or other planetary systems? Scientists estimate that the universe is 156 billion light-years wide and still expanding. Our sun is one of billions of stars, many of which could harbor intelligent life-forms, so it’s conceivable that any inquiry into this question made in the next million years will be inconclusive. Perhaps the answer will never be known. However resistant to resolution a question may be, though, inquiry is still useful. Even if it yields no more than the untestable opinions of experts, those opinions are more valuable than the casual speculations of the uninformed. So we shouldn’t be intimidated by difficult issues. We should merely be realistic about how complete and final our answers are likely to be. Where to Look for Information Whenever possible, we should consult our own experience and observation. Even if what has happened to us or what we have seen happen to others pertains only indirectly to the issue or touches on just one aspect of it, it should not be overlooked. Our observation of how people use stereotypes or face-saving maneuvers in everyday situations can help us evaluate a political candidate’s speech or a party’s platform. Our experience with conformity in ourselves and our friends can provide us with an insight into the effects of TV programming on the public. Being alert to the relevance of our experience to the issue we are investigating not only can give us valuable ideas but also can suggest important questions. Thus it can provide our inquiry with better direction. Of course, our own experience and observation will seldom be adequate by itself, especially on complex and controversial matters. We will need to consult other sources. What follows is a brief guide to what to look for and where to find it.
180 PART THREE A Strategy BACKGROUND ON THE ISSUE Think of several general headings under which the issue might be classified. For example, if the issue concerns criminal investigation, the headings might be “crime,” “criminology,” “police,” and one or more specific kinds of crime, such as “burglary.” Then look up those headings in the index volume of a good general encyclopedia, such as Encyclopedia Americana or Encyclopaedia Britannica. (Americana has a separate index volume. Britannica is divided into two sets of books: the macropaedia set, which contains detailed articles on a limited number of subjects, and the micropaedia set, which contains brief articles and cross-references on a large number of subjects.) The articles you will find there have been written by authorities in the various fields. At the end of each article is a list of books and other articles you can consult for a fuller or more specialized treatment of the issue. In addition to the general encyclopedias, there are numerous specific encyclopedias of art, business, history, literature, philosophy, music, science, education, social science, and many other areas. Most of these contain not only historical background but also titles of other books and articles you might find helpful.* FACTS AND STATISTICS Almanacs, published yearly, are treasuries of information on myriad subjects. World Almanac is available from the 1868 edition. Information Please Almanac, The New York Times Encyclopedic Almanac, and Reader’s Digest Almanac are more recent publications. Because any almanac is arranged very compactly for efficient use, it is important to study the index before using it. INFORMATION ABOUT PEOPLE A number of biographical dictionaries and encyclopedias are available. Two of the most helpful ones are Current Biography: Who’s News and Why and Webster’s Biographical Dictionary. INFORMATION ABOUT THE ENGLISH LANGUAGE Many reference books are available, including the Oxford English Dictionary (OED), Webster’s New Dictionary of Synonyms, and Eric Partridge’s Dictionary of Slang and Unconventional English. *Remember that background reading, though a helpful start toward analyzing an issue, is never an acceptable substitute for analysis. Your instructor will expect more from you than simply background information.
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Beyond Feelings A Guide to Critical
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To the memory of Howard Trumble, wh
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vi CONTENTS Imperfect Memory 35 Def
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viii CONTENTS Using Your Inventory
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x PRFACE evaluate them carefully wh
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xii PRFACE Aimee Ross-Kilroy, Loyol
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2 INTRODUCTION applications cover p
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CHAPTER 1 Who Are You? Suppose some
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6 PART ONE The Context The Influenc
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CHAPTER 2 What Is Critical Thinking
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30 PART ONE The Context Application
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CHAPTER 3 What Is Truth? For hundre
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36 PART ONE The Context in their ti
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38 PART ONE The Context to express
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40 PART ONE The Context the example
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68 PART ONE The Context 2. Resist t
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CHAPTER 6 What Is Evidence? To stat
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92 PART ONE The Context The U. S. C
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CHAPTER 8 The Basic Problem: ”Min
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96 PART TWO The Pitfalls important
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98 PART TWO The Pitfalls discussed
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100 PART TWO The Pitfalls majority
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CHAPTER 9 Errors of Perspective Ima
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104 PART TWO The Pitfalls Unwarrant
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106 PART TWO The Pitfalls Remember
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108 PART TWO The Pitfalls reasonabl
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110 PART TWO The Pitfalls Shortly a
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112 PART TWO The Pitfalls b. Some p
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114 PART TWO The Pitfalls a. Beer a
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116 PART TWO The Pitfalls unintende
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118 PART TWO The Pitfalls of human
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120 PART TWO The Pitfalls and disad
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122 PART TWO The Pitfalls that when
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CHAPTER 11 Errors of Expression We
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230 NOTES 5. “An Exercise in Educ
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abortion, 104, 138 absolutism, 108,
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Henry, Carl F., 99-100 Henslin, Jam
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psychology, 6-7, 11-13, 161 publish
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