DICTIONARY OF MUSIC - El Atril

220 GRAVE GREAT ORGAN
and fugues. Of his printed works there also
exist eight 'Partien' for the Clavier dedicated to
Ernst Ludwig of Hesse (1718) ;
' Monatliche
Clavier- Fniclite,' consisting of preludes, alle-
niandes, courantes, sarabandes, minuets, and
gigues ' (Darmstadt, 1722) ; and Die vier Jahres-
zeiten,' four suites for clavier (Frankfurt, 1733).
We must also mention his ' Neu vermehrtes
Choralbuch (Frankfurt, Gerliardt, 1728). Graup-
'
ner's autobiography is printed in Matthesou's
EJireiqyfortc, p. 410, and a list of the operas
written for Hamburg will be found in the same
author's Mtislk. Patriot. c. F. p.
GRAVE. One of the slow Tempos, indicating
perhaps rather character than pace. As familiar
instances may be given the opening movement of
the Overture to the ' Messiah ' the short Choruses
in plain counterpointin ' Israel in Egypt '— ' And
Israel saw, ' 'He
is my God, ' etc. ; the two
recitatives, 'As God the Lord,' in 'Elijah'; 'The
nations are now the Lord's,' in 'St. Paul' ; 'What
ailed thee' in the 11 4th Psalm; the Kex
tremendae in Mozart's ' Requiem '
; the Introduction
to Beethoven's Senate Pathetique, and that
to the Prison scene in 'Fidelio. g.
GRAVE MIXTURE. An organ -stop consisting
chiefly of pipes representing the lower or
more grave of the partial tones, overtones, or
harmonics. t. e.
GRAVICEMBALO. An Italian corruption of
the term Clavicembalo^ a harpsichord. A. -J. H.
GRAY, Alax, born at York, Dec. 23, IS.'JS,
was educated at St. Peter's School, York, and
Trinity College, Cambridge. He took the
degrees of LL.B. in 1877, of LL.M. in 1883, of
Mus.B. in 1886, andMus.D. in 1889. He was
at first intended for the legal profession, but
after studying with Dr. E. G. Monk devoted
himself altogether to music. He was appointed
musical director at Wellington College, in 18S3,
and held that post till 1S92, when he succeeded
Stanford as organist of Trinity College, Cambridge,
and conductor of the Cambridge University
JIusical Society.
The first of his compositions to obtain an important
hearing was ' The Widow of Zarephath,'
York Minster, 1888. His cantatas are as follows :
' Arethusa," Leeds Festival, 1892 ; 'The Legend
of the Ruck Buoy Bell,' Hovinghani Festival,
1893 ; 'The Vision of Belshazzar, ' Hovingham,
1896 ;
'A Song of Redemption,' Leeds Festival,
1898. An Easter ode (1892), and a Festival
Te Deum (1895), have not been published, nor
has a ' Coronation ' March played at the Hovingham
Festival of 1902. An andante and
allegro for pianoforte, violin, and violoncello,
were played at one of the Broadwood concerts
in January 1903 ; and two quartets, one for
strings alone, the other for pianoforte and
strings, are still in MS., like a sonata for
pianoforte and violin, and various slighter pieces.
Four organ sonatas were published in 1889,
and an allium of four songs are of still earlier
date. Three groups of part-songs have been
written for the Magpie Madrigal Society, and
some are published in the series called Avion
' (modern series). A cantata, Odysseus among
the Phoeacians,' has not yet been performed.
Dr. Gray is a fellow of the Royal College of
Organists.
GRAY & DAVISON.
M.
Robert Gray established
an organ factory in London in 1774, and
was succeeded by William Gray, who died in
1820, and then by John Gray. In 1837-38 the
firm was John Gray & Son, after which John
Gray took Frederic Davison into partnership.
Gray died in 1849, but the name of the firm
remains, the present address being 6 Pratt
Street, N. W. Amongst the many organs
erected by these makers all over the country,
we may mention those in the Crystal Palace
Handel orchestra), St. Paul's, Wilton Place, and
St. Pancras, London ; Magdalen College, Oxford
; and the Town-Halls of Leeds, Bolton,
and Glasgow.
In 1876 they took up the business ofRobson,
and have also a factory in Liverpool, having
succeeded Bewshur in that town. V. DE P.
GRAZIA, CON; GRAZIOSO (Ital.), 'grace-
fully.'
GRAZIANI, Francesco, born at Fermo,
April 16, 1829, a singer who appeared in London
first at the Royal Italian Opera in 1855. (He
had previously sung in Italy, and in Paris from
1855.) He made his debut in the ' Trovatore,'
then also produced here for the firsttime. In this
' the song '
' II balen " exhibited to its best advan-
tage one of the most perfect baritone voices ever
bestowed on mortal. Such an organ as his is a
golden inheritance ; one, however, which has
tempted many another beside himself to rely
too exclusively on Nature' (Chorley). Graziani
continued to sing in London and Paris, with
almost undiminished powers, for many years.
His voice, though not extensive downwards,
had beautiful and luscious tones, reaching
as high as G, and even A. He appeared
witli great effect as Nelusco in the ' Africaine '
when that opera was first produced in London
in 1865.
His brother, LoDOvico, born at Fermo in
August 1823, was a dramatic tenor, for whom the
partof Alfredo in 'Traviata' was written. Hesang
in Paris, London, and Vienna in about 1858-60
with great success, and died at Fermo in May
1885. J. M.
GREAT OCTAVE. See C, vol. i. p. 433.
GREAT ORGAN. This name is given, in
modern instruments, to the department that
generally has the greater number of stops, and
those of the greater power, although occasional
exceptions are met with as to one or other of these
particulars ;
as when a Swell of more than proportionate
completeness, or a Solo organ, composed
of stops of more than the average strength
of tone, forms part of the instrument.