DICTIONARY OF MUSIC - El Atril

LIFE FOR THE TSAR, A LILIENCRON 729
founded by Zelter in Berlin, Dec. 28, 1808.
Others soon followed at Frankfort and Leipzig,
gradually rela.xing the rules as to numbers.
Bernhard Klein founded the ' Jiingere Berliner
Liedertafel,' which aimed at a higher standard
of art. These societies gave an inmiense impetus
to men's part -singing throughout Germany.
Since the establishment of tlie Mannergesangvereine
proper (male singing- societies), tlie
word Liedertafel has come to mean a social
gathering of the ' Verein,' j'.c. a gathering of
invited ladies and gentlemen, at wluch the
members perform pieces previously learned.
Tliey are in fact informal concerts, wliere tlie
guests move about, eat, drink, and talk as they
please, jirovided they keep silence during the
singing. The Liedertafeln of the large male
singing - societies of Vienna, Munich, and
Cologne, are pleasant and refined entertainments,
not without a musical significance of
their own. p. g.
LIFE FOR THE TSAR, A. Opera in four
acts and an epilogue, text by Baron Rosen,
music by Glinka. Produced at St. Petersburg,
Nov. 27, 1836. At Covent Garden (in Italian
'as La Vita per lo Czar"), July 12, 1887. At
the theatre in Great Queen Street (in Russian)
in 1887.
LIFE LET US CHERISH. A favourite
German song, commencing ' Freut ench des
Lebens, ' the author of which is Martin Usteri
of Zurich ; first published in the GoUinger
Miiscnahna'iiach for 1796 without the autlior's
name. The music was written in 1793 by
Hans Georg Nageli. It is used as subject for
the elaborate variations which form the last
movement of WoelH's celebrated sonata called
'Non plus ultra.* K. M.
The melody is frequently but erroneously
attributed to Mozart, probably in the first instance
by its inclusion in A Collection of Original
songs . . . for the Pianoforte or Harp coTnposed
iy IF. A. Mozart, etc. etc., the poetry iy Peter
Pindar, Esq. (London, Broderip & Wilkinson,
circa 1800). Peter Pindar's words are entitled
'The Adieu' ('0 faithless maid adieu'); but
about this time there were also numerous translations
of the original German words, the most
common of which was ' Taste Life's Glad
' Moments by Sir Alex. Boswell. For the first
fifty years of its introduction into England it
had an unfortunate existence as an elementary
lesson for the flute, after wdiich it suft'ered
equally on the pianoforte. F. K.
LIGATOSTIL (Ital. StUe ligato), also called
gehunclcner Stil, is the German term for what
is called the strict style, as distinguished from
the free style of musical composition. Its
chief characteristic lies not so much in the fact
that the notes are seldom or never detached, as
that all dissonances "are strictly prepared by
means of tied notes. f. t.
LIGATURE, i. (Lat. Ligatura ; Ital, Lcga-
tura ; Fr. Liaison). A passage of two or more
notes, sung to a single syllable. [See Notation.]
LIGATURE, ii. (in reed instruments). The
flexible metal band regulated by two adjusting
screws, whicli is used to secure the reed to the
mouthpiece in instruments such as the clarinet
and the saxophone. In former days the reed
was lield in position merely by a binding of
waxed thread. d. ,1, B,
LIGHT, Edward, a musician who claimed
the invention of the harp-lute and a kindred
instrument named the Apollo-lyre, The harplute,
known also as the dital harp (see Hahp-
LUTE, ante, pp, 327-28), was popular at the
junction of the 18th and 19th centuries, and
the Apollo-lyre less so. The latter took the
form of the ancient instrument, but it had a
centre finger-board and a sound chamber. In
1794 Light was living at Kensington, and
about this period he was making the above two
instruments for sale. He soon removed to
8 Foley Place, Cavendish Square, and was
'lyrist to the Princess of "Wales." In 1818 he
took out a patent in connection with the harplute
which shortly after this date was made by
"Wheatstone & Co. Liglit was a teacher of the
guitar, and arranged some music for it. He
published a number of works, being arrangements
and instructions for the harp lute, Apollo-
lyre, and for the guitar. r. K.
LIGHT OF THE WORLD, THE. An
oratorio in two parts ; the words comjiiled from
tlie Scriptures, the music by Artliur Sullivan.
Written for the Birmingliam Festival, and first
performed there August 27, 1873,
LILIENCRON, Rochus Fkeiheer von,
was born at Plon in Holstein, Dec, 8, 1820,
After going through a course of theology and
law at Kiel and Berlin, and graduating both
as Doctor of Theology and Philosopihy, he
devoted himself chiefly to Germanistic studies,
including Old Norse languages and literature,
on which he contributed various essays to
periodicals. From 1848 to 1850 he was in the
diplomatic service of the Sehleswig- Holstein
Government during the war with Denmark.
In 1860 he became Professor of Old Norse
languages and literature at Kiel, and in 1852
of ' ' Germanistik at Jena, From 1855 to 1868
he was Geheimer Kabinetsrat (Privy Cabinet
Councillor) to the Duke of Jleiningen. In
1855 he published ' Lieder und Spriiche aus
der letzten Zeit des Minnesangs,' containing
twenty melodies wdth texts from the celebrated
Jena Minnesanger codex, written about 1320.
Dr. Wilhelm Stade of Jena provided the melodies
with a modern setting in four-part harmony.
Liliencron afterwards settled at Munich as
Editor of the AUgcmeine Deutsche Biographic,
of wdiich from 1854 up to the present, fifty
volumes have appeared. It was also during
his stay at Munich that he published Die
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