DICTIONARY OF MUSIC - El Atril

HELLMESBERGER HELMHOLTZ 377
this wrong). The composer takes the liberty
of adding the words ' corde et
' aninio in tlie
other parts also to the various ' Laiulate ' psalm-
verses which he sets. This might be taken to
imply that he himself had written this motet
' with heart and mind.' Other works of Lupus
are eleven four-voice settings of German sacred
songs, contained in Rhau's large collection of
Deutsche Oeistlkhe Gcsangc fur iSchulen, 1544,
one of which, a deeply expressive setting of
Markgraf Casimir's lied, ' Capitiin Herr Gott,
is also in Ott's Licderbuch of 1544. Lastly,
there are about twenty -si.x: French chansons,
and three with Flemish words, contained in the
collections of Attaingnant and Susato. Three
very pretty specimens, * Eevins vers jnoi, " 'II
n'est tresor, ' 'Plus
revenir ne puis,' have been
reprinted by Eitner in his selection of Clidiisons,
"
1899.
J. R. M.
HELLMESBERGER, a distinguished family
of musicians in Vienna. Geohg, the father,
born April 24, 1800, son of a country school-
master, and chorister in the court chapel, entered
the Conservatoriumof theGesellschaftder Musikfreunde
in 18 20, and learnt the violin from Bohm
and composition from E. Ftjrster. In 1821 he
was apjtointed assistant teacher, and in 1833
professor at the Conservatorium, where he taught
a host of distinguished pupils, including his two
sons, as well as Ernst, -Joachim, MiskaHauser, and
Leopold Auer ; he retired on a pension in 1867.
In 1829 he became conductor of the Imperial
opera, and in 1830 a member of the court chapel.
This unassuming man, who lived only for his art,
was leader at innumerable concerts, published
many compositions for his instrument, and died
universally respected at Iveuwaldegg on August
16, 1873. Hiseldest son Georg, bornin Vienna,
Jan. 27, 1830, made a successful concert-tour
through German}' and England with his father
and brother in 1847, butchiefly devoted himself
to composition, which he studied under Rotter.
When barely twenty- one he was appointed
concert- meister at Hanover, where he brought
Die beide
out two operas, ' Die Biirgsehaft ' and
'
Koniginnen.' He died Nov. 12, 1852, leaving
numerous MSS. His brother
Joseph, born Nov. 23, 1829, early displayed a
great faculty for music, and appeared in public
with applause as an infant prodigy. In .spite of
his youth he was appointed violin professor and
director of the Conservatorium, "when it was reconstituted
in 1851, and professional conductor
of the Gesellschaft concerts. He resigned the
latter post in favour of Herbeck in 1859, and
the professorship in 1877, but retained the
post of director until his death in 1893, with
signal advantage to the institution. In 1 860 he
was appointed concertmeister at the Imperial
opera, in 1863 first violin solo in the court
chapel, and in 1877 chief capellmeister to the
emperor, resuming the conductorship of the
Gesellschaft concert for one season. The quartet
parties which he led from 1849 to 1SS7 maintained
their attraction undiminished in spite of
all rivalry. These performances were among
the first to awaken general interest in Beethoven's
later quartets. The fine tone, grace, and poetic
feeling which marked Hellmesberger's execution
as a solo and quartet player, were equally conspicuous
in the orchestra, of which he was a
brilliant leader. To these qualities he united
perfect familiarity with every instrument in the
orchestra, and considerable skill as a pianist.
He received the Legion of Honour for his services
as a juror in the Paris Exhibition of 1855 ; and
many other orders, both of his own and other
countries, were conferred on him. On the
twenty-fifth anniversar}' of his directorship of
the Conservatorium he was presented with the
freedom of the city of Vienna. He died Oct.
24, 1893. His son Joseph, horn April 9, 1855,
inherits the family talent, and played second
violin in his father's quartet from 1875, succeeding
him as leader in 1887. He has been
since 1878 solo player at the court opera and
chapel, and professor at the Conservatorium.-
[He became capellmeister at the court opera in.
1886. Hisworks include six operettas: 'Kajiitan
Ahlstrom,' ' Der Graf von Gleichen,' 'Dersclibno
Kurfiirst,' 'Rikiki,' 'Das Orakel,' and 'Der
bleiche Gast,' and six ballets.] c. F. P.
HELJIHOLTZ, Hermann Ludwig Ferdi-
K.^ND, was born August 31, 1821, at Potsdam.
His father was Professor at the Gymnasium
there, and his mother, Caroline Penn, belonged
to an emigrated English family. He studied
medicine in Be]-lin in 1839, and rose to be-
Teacher of Anatomy at the Berlin Academy in
184S. In the following year he became Pro-
fessor of Physiology at Kbnigsberg ; in 1855 was-
Professor of Anatomy at Bonn; in 1858, Professor
of Physiology at Heidelberg, and Geheimratli.
In 1871 he returned to the Berlin University
as Professor of Natural Philosophj', and
at Christmas, 1877, was elected Rector. He
died at Charlottenburg, Berlin, Sept. 8, 1894.
His essay on the Conservation of Force (J^rhallung
clcrKra^t) appeared in 1 847 ; his Physio-
logical Optics [Physiologische Optik) in 1856-66 ;
and his Popular Scientific Lectures (Foj). u'is-
sensch. J-'or^raf/e) at Brunswick, 1865-76. It is,
however, with his treatise, On the Sensations of
Tone as a physiological Basis for the Theory of
Music),'^ and with his valuable inventions and
discoveries in relation to the art, that we are
here concerned.
Helmholtz invented a double harmonium with
twenty-four vibrators to tliC octave, by means of
which the musician can modulate into all keys
quite as easily as on a single manual tuned by
erpial temperament, and without the dissonant
thirdsandsixthswhichthatmodeof tuning introduces.
The system may be easily applied to the
' IHe I^hre von den Toiiempiindnniien ala phynolonurhe GrimdiagS
filr die Theorie d^r Mxuik. Bninawick. iefi3. English trauelation,
as abOTe. by Alexander John Ellia, 1875 and 1885.
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