THORIUM AS AN ENERGY SOURCE - Opportunities for Norway ...

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Thorium as an Energy Source - Opportunities for Norway The heat from the fission process is transferred from the fuel pellets through the cladding to the coolant material. Often the coolant and the moderator is the same, but they may also be different materials. In a Boiling Water Reactor (BWR) the coolant boils and produces steam directly in the core. The steam is used to drive turbines for electricity production. In Pressurized Water Reactors (PWRs) the high pressure suppresses boiling in the core and steam generators outside the reactor core are used to produce steam for the turbines. 110
14. APPENDIX B: NUCLEAR REACTOR TECHNOLOGY Appendix B: Nuclear Reactor Technology Worldwide, several nuclear reactor types are used for energy production. The different types are usually classified according to the main feature of the reactor i.e. the moderator method (material). The most widespread power reactor types are: • Light Water Reactors where both the moderator and coolant are light water (H2O). To this category belong the Pressurized Water Reactors (PWRs) and Boiling Water Reactors (BWRs). • Heavy Water Reactors where both the moderator and coolant are heavy water (D2O). To this category belongs the Pressurized Heavy Water Reactors (PHWRs) or the co called CANDU reactors. • Graphite Moderated Reactors where the moderator consists of Graphite. The coolant material is either gas or light water. In this category there are Gas Cooled Reactors (GCRs) and Light Water cooled Gas Reactors (LWGR). • Fast Breeder Reactors (FBRs) and other experimental installations. The numbers of reactor units of the above mentioned types are illustrated in Figure 14.1. Each of these reactor types is briefly described below. BWR 94 PHWR 44 Number of Reactor Units by Type GCR 18 LWGR 16 FBR 2 Figure 14.1: Reactor Units by Type as of December 2007. (Source: Power Reactor Information System, PRIS) 14.1 Appendix B1: Pressurised Water Reactor (PWR) The Pressurized Water Reactor (PWR) belongs to the light water reactor type. PWRs are the most common type of power producing reactors and are widely used all over the world. Today, there are 265 PWR units generating electric power accounting for about 61 % of the world’s current power reactors. PWRs are generation II reactors that use ordinary light water (H2O) as both coolant and moderator in the reactor core. The water is held at pressures around 160 bars to prevent boiling and is heated to 320 – 330˚C by the fission process as it passes through the core. It transfers energy to a secondary loop that produces steam (saturated at 275 °C) which drives the steam PWR 265 111
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2008 THORIUM AS AN ENERGY SOURCE -
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TABLE OF CONTENTS Table of Contents
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Table of Contents 14.2 APPENDIX B2:
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The Thorium Report Committee was gi
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Foreword energy area. The price vol
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1. EXECUTIVE SUMMARY Executive Summ
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Radiation Protection of Man and the
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Executive Summary nuclear engineeri
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Introduction In the context of such
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2.3 The EU Situation Introduction T
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Oil, Gas, NGL, Condensate (Million
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TWh 160 150 140 130 120 110 100 90
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Figure 2.8: Number of Operating Rea
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Tonnes 1 200 000 1 000 000 800 000
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US $ / kg UF 6 160 140 120 100 80 6
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2.8 Worldwide Activities on Thorium
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1. Alkaline complexes and their peg
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Thorium Resources in Norway The tho
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Thorium Resources in Norway The pot
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Thorium Resources in Norway A serie
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4.1.1 Mining and Extraction The Fro
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The Front End of the Thorium Fuel C
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The Front End of the Thorium Fuel C
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4.3.2 HTGR Fuel Performance The Fro
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5.1 Properties of the Fertile Mater
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Nuclear Reactors for Thorium Table
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5.3.1 Light Water Reactor (LWR) Nuc
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Nuclear Reactors for Thorium 2. Cyc
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5.3.2.4 Gas Turbine-Modular Helium
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Figure 5.7: General Layout of the A
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5.4.2 Generation IV Reactors Nuclea
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Nuclear Reactors for Thorium econom
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Nuclear Reactors for Thorium • Ad
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Nuclear Reactors for Thorium temper
Page 69 and 70: Nuclear Reactors for Thorium Figure
Page 71 and 72: Nuclear Reactors for Thorium the de
Page 73 and 74: Nuclear Reactors for Thorium remova
Page 75 and 76: Nuclear Reactors for Thorium result
Page 77 and 78: The most important drawbacks of the
Page 79 and 80: Nuclear Reactors for Thorium mater
Page 81 and 82: 6. THE BACK END OF THE THORIUM FUEL
Page 83 and 84: The Back End of the Thorium Fuel Cy
Page 89 and 90: Radiation Protection of Man and the
Page 97 and 98: 8. REGULATION The use of thorium as
Page 99 and 100: • Safety, security and emergency
Page 101 and 102: Regulation • The Agreement betwee
Page 103 and 104: Non-proliferation Nations with secu
Page 105 and 106: Economical Aspects conventional rea
Page 107 and 108: 11. Radioecology 12. Decommissionin
Page 109 and 110: Research, Development, Education an
Page 117 and 118: Conclusions and Recommendations tho
Page 119: 13. APPENDIX A: INTRODUCTION TO NUC
Page 123 and 124: Figure 14.3: Boiling Water Reactor
Page 125 and 126: Appendix B: Nuclear Reactor Technol
Page 127 and 128: Table 15.1: The Current Course Pack
Page 129 and 130: • N12 Reactor Thermal Hydraulics,
Page 131 and 132: 16. APPENDIX D: RADIATION PROTECTIO
Page 133 and 134: Regulations on Radiation Protection
Page 135 and 136: ”Section 4. (Licence for nuclear
Page 137 and 138: 2. Dues shall be paid for the super
Page 139 and 140: use the best available technology s
Page 141 and 142: Summary: Legislation that is or may
Page 143 and 144: 216 Po α 0.145 s 6.906 (805) 212 P
Page 145 and 146: 18. ACRONYMS AND ABBREVIATIONS Acro
Page 147 and 148: Po polonium Po-208 polonium-208 Po-
Page 149 and 150: 19. REFERENCES References Chapter 2
Page 151 and 152: References [35] J.D. SEASE et al.,
Page 153 and 154: References [68] E. Merle-Lucotte, D
Page 155 and 156: References [97] "On-going activites
Page 157 and 158: References [122] L. CINOTTI, “Inh
Page 159 and 160: References [149] M. Crick, UNSCEAR,
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