Thorium as an Energy Source - <strong>Opportunities</strong> <strong>for</strong> <strong>Norway</strong> References Chapter 6: [135] T.H. PIGFORD, “Thorium Fuel Cycles Compared to Uranium Fuel Cycles”, J. Phys. IV France 9 (1999). [136] J.H. BULTM<strong>AN</strong>, “Once-Through Burning of Transuranics in C<strong>AN</strong>DU”, Technical Report ECN-R-95-024, Netherlands Energy Research Foundation (ECN), Petten, The Netherlands, 1995. [137] W.M.P. FR<strong>AN</strong>KEN et al., “Evaluation of Thorium Based Nuclear Fuel, Extended Summary”, Technical Report ECN-R-95-006, Netherlands Energy Research Foundation (ECN), Petten, The Netherlands, 1995. [138] “Thorium as a waste management option”, Report – EUR 19142 – 2000. [139] Dominique Greneche et al, Proceedings of ICAPP 2007, Nice, France, May 13-18, 2007, Paper 7367) [140] C.D. BOWM<strong>AN</strong> et al., Nucl. Instrum. Methods A 320, 336 (1992). [141] C.D. BOWM<strong>AN</strong>, “Accelerator-Driven Systems <strong>for</strong> Nuclear Waste Transmutation”, Annu. Rev. Part. Sci. 48, 505-556 (1998). [142] C.D. BOWM<strong>AN</strong>, “Once-Through Thermal Spectrum Accelerator-Driven System <strong>for</strong> LWR Waste Destruction Without Reprocessing: Tier-1 Description”, ADNA Corporation Report No. ADNA/98-04, 1998 [143] C. RUBBIA et al., “Conceptual Design of a Fast Neutron Operated High Power Energy Amplifier”, CERN/AT/95-44 (ET), Sept. 29, 1995; see also C. Rubbia, “A High Gain Energy Amplifier Operated with fast Neutrons”, AIP Conference Proc. 346, Int. Conf. on ADT Technologies and Applications, Las Vegas, 1994. Energy Amplifier <strong>for</strong> Nuclear Energy Production Driven by a Particle Beam Accelerator, US Patent 5,774,514 – PCT/EP94/02467 – PCT/WO95/12203, June 1998. [144] C. RUBBIA et al., “Fast Neutron Incineration in the Energy Amplifier as Alternative to Geological Storage: the Case of Spain”, CERN/LHC/97-01 (EET), 1997. [145] H. Arnould et al., Phys. Lett. B458 (1999) 167-180; H. Arnould et al., “Neutron-Driven Nuclear Transmutation by Adiabatic Resonance Crossing”, CERN-SL-99-036 EET, July 26, 1999 and Report to the European Union, DGXII, EUR 19117 EN NEUTRON-DRIVEN ELEMENT TR<strong>AN</strong>SMUTER, European patent – PCT/EP97/03218 – June 1997. [146] H.C. RATHVON, A.G. BL<strong>AS</strong>EWITZ, “Recovery of U-233 from Irradiated Thoria”, 2 nd Int. Symp. On the Thorium Fuel Cycle, Gatlinburg, TN (USA), 1966. References Chapter 7: [147] S.A. WEAKLEY, D.E. BLAHNIK, J.K. YOUNG, C.H. BLOOMSTER, “Environmental Control Technology <strong>for</strong> Mining, Milling, and Refining Thorium”, Technical Report PNL- 3253-UC-11, Pacific Northwest Laboratory, Richland, Washington, USA, 1980. [148] IAEA, Thorium fuel cycle – Potential benefits and challenges, IAEA-TECDOC-1450 (May 2005). 148
References [149] M. Crick, UNSCEAR, Oral presentation, the Norwegian academy of Science and letters, Oslo, 2007. [150] Mikhail BALONOV, Former secretary of the Chernobyl Forum, Oral presentation, the Norwegian academy of Science and letters, Oslo, 2007. References Chapter 9: [151] Sverre Lodgaard, Context: “From Oppenheimer to Reliable Replacement Warheads”; Morten Bremer Mæerli, The Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty, “Nuclear Weapons in the 21 st Century: Old Players, New Game – New Players, Old Game”, Military Power Seminar 2007, 6-7 December 2007, Oslo, <strong>Norway</strong>. [152] L.C. Hebel at al., Report to the American Physical Society by the study group on nuclear fuel cycles and waste management, Reviews of Modern Physics 50 (1978) S1. [153] C. Rubbia et al., Conceptual Design of a fast neutron operated high power energy amplifier, CERN/AT/95-44 (ET) (1995). [154] P.D. Wilson and K.F. Ainsworth, Potential advantages and drawbacks of the Thorium fuel cycle in relation to the current practice: a BNFL view, in: “Thorium fuel utilization: Options and trends”, IAEA-TECDOC-1319 (2002). [155] H.S. Kamath, Thorium fuel development <strong>for</strong> Indian Nuclear Power Programme, Presentation at the Thorium committee meeting, Oslo (2007). [156] C. Rubbia, Energy amplifier <strong>for</strong> nuclear energy production driven by a particle beam accelerator, US patent US5774514 (1998). [157] R. Brogli et al., Fortgeschrittene nukleare Systeme im Vergleich, PSI (1996). [158] Carlo Rubbia, CERN/LHC/96-01 (EET), 1996. 149
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2008 THORIUM AS AN ENERGY SOURCE -
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TABLE OF CONTENTS Table of Contents
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Table of Contents 14.2 APPENDIX B2:
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The Thorium Report Committee was gi
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Foreword energy area. The price vol
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1. EXECUTIVE SUMMARY Executive Summ
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Radiation Protection of Man and the
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Executive Summary nuclear engineeri
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Introduction In the context of such
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2.3 The EU Situation Introduction T
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Oil, Gas, NGL, Condensate (Million
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TWh 160 150 140 130 120 110 100 90
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Figure 2.8: Number of Operating Rea
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Tonnes 1 200 000 1 000 000 800 000
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US $ / kg UF 6 160 140 120 100 80 6
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2.8 Worldwide Activities on Thorium
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1. Alkaline complexes and their peg
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Thorium Resources in Norway The tho
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Thorium Resources in Norway The pot
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Thorium Resources in Norway A serie
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4.1.1 Mining and Extraction The Fro
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The Front End of the Thorium Fuel C
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The Front End of the Thorium Fuel C
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4.3.2 HTGR Fuel Performance The Fro
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5.1 Properties of the Fertile Mater
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Nuclear Reactors for Thorium Table
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5.3.1 Light Water Reactor (LWR) Nuc
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Nuclear Reactors for Thorium 2. Cyc
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5.3.2.4 Gas Turbine-Modular Helium
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Figure 5.7: General Layout of the A
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5.4.2 Generation IV Reactors Nuclea
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Nuclear Reactors for Thorium econom
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Nuclear Reactors for Thorium • Ad
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Nuclear Reactors for Thorium temper
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Nuclear Reactors for Thorium Figure
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Nuclear Reactors for Thorium the de
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Nuclear Reactors for Thorium remova
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Nuclear Reactors for Thorium result
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The most important drawbacks of the
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Nuclear Reactors for Thorium mater
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6. THE BACK END OF THE THORIUM FUEL
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The Back End of the Thorium Fuel Cy
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The Back End of the Thorium Fuel Cy
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The Back End of the Thorium Fuel Cy
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Radiation Protection of Man and the
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Radiation Protection of Man and the
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Radiation Protection of Man and the
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Radiation Protection of Man and the
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8. REGULATION The use of thorium as
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• Safety, security and emergency
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Regulation • The Agreement betwee
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Non-proliferation Nations with secu
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Economical Aspects conventional rea
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