THORIUM AS AN ENERGY SOURCE - Opportunities for Norway ...

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Thorium as an Energy Source - Opportunities for Norway [81] A.M. PERRY, “Physics Program for Molten Salt Breeder Reactors,” ORNL-TM-1857, Oak Ridge National Laboratory (June 1967). [82] P.R. KASTEN, “Safety Program for Molten-Salt Breeder Reactors,” ORNL-TM-1858, Oak Ridge National Laboratory (June 9, 1967). [83] J.R. TALLACKSON, R.L. MOORE, and S.J. DITTO, “Instrumentation and Controls Development for Molten- Salt Breeder Reactors,” ORNL-TM-1856, Oak Ridge National Laboratory (May 22, 1967). [84] Accelerator driven Transmutation Technologies for Radwaste and other Applications, 24 - 28 June 1990, Saltsjöbaden, Sweden, SKN report 54 compiled by R. A. Jameson, Los Alamos, November 1991. [85] C. Rubbia, "An Energy Amplifier for Cleaner and Inexhaustible Nuclear Energy Production Driven by a Particle Accelerator", CERN/AT/93-47(ET), 1993. [86] C. Rubbia, "A High Gain Energy Amplifier Operated with fast Neutrons", AIP Conference Proc. 346, Int. Conf. on ADT Technologies and Applications, Las Vegas, 1994. [87] Rubbia, C., et al. "A Three-Stage Cyclotron for Driving the Energy Amplifier", CERN/AT/95- 03 (ET) (Revised) Feb. 24 1995. [88] Rubbia, C., Rubio, J.A., Buono, S., Carminati, F., Fiétier, N., Galvez, J. Gelès, Kadi, Y, Klapisch, R., Mandrillon, P., Revol, J.P. and Roche, Ch. "Conceptual Design of a Fast Neutron Operated High Power Energy Amplifier", CERN/AT/95-44 (ET), Sept. 29 1995. [89] Rubbia, C., et al. "A Realistic Plutonium Elimination Scheme with Fast Energy Amplifiers and Thorium-Plutonium Fuel", CERN/AT/95-53 (ET), Dec. 12 1995. [90] Rubbia, C., et al. "A Comparison of the Safety and Environmental Advantages of the Energy Amplifier and of Magnetic Confinement Fusion", CERN/AT/95-58 (ET), Dec. 29 1995. [91] Rubbia, C., et al. "A Preliminary Estimate of the Economic Impact of the Energy Amplifier", CERN/LHC/96-01 (EET), Feb. 18 1996. [92] Y. Kadi and J.P. Revol "Design of an Accelerator-Driven System for the Destruction of Nuclear Waste", Lectures given at the Workshop on Hybrid Nuclear Systems for Energy Production, Utilisation of Actinides & Transmutation of Long-Lived Radioactive Waste Trieste, 3 - 7 September 2001. [93] Kadi, Y. "Spallation Target R&D for the EU Accelerator-Driven Sub-critical System Project", Hamburg, Germany, BENE04, DESY, November 2 - 5, 2004. [94] Overview of the Ongoing Activities in Europe and Recommendations of the Technical Working Group on Accelerator Driven Sub-Critical Systems, September 6 1999. [95] M. Salvatores et al., "MUSE-1: A First Experiment at MASURCA to Validate the Physics of Sub-critical Multiplying Systems Relevant to ADS", Proc. of the 2nd ADTT Conference, Kalmar, Sweden, June 1996. [96] The Working Group on TRADE: The TRIGA Accelerator Driven Experiment, Final Feasibility Report, ENEA, March 2002. 144
References [97] "On-going activites in Belgium in the field of ADS: from MYRRHA to XT-ADS, perspectives for implementation", D. De Bruyn \& MYRRHA-team , 39th annual meeting of the IAEA TWG on FR & ADS, Beijing (China), May 15 - 19 2006, IAEA-TM-28911, TWG-FR/130, CD- ROM. [98] "Status of the ADS Research \& Development and of the related technology in Belgium: the evolution of the MYRRHA project", D. De Bruyn, D. Maes, P. Schuurmans, G. Van den Eynde & H. Aït Abderrahim IAEA Technical Meeting on the Review of the Status of Accelerator Driven Systems R&D and Technology, Vienna (Austria), 4-6 December,2006. [99] "On-going activities in Belgium in the field of ADS: from MYRRHA to XT-ADS, an update", D. De Bruyn, D. Maes & H. Aït Abderrahim 40th annual meeting of the IAEA TWG on FR &ADS, Kyoto (Japan), May 14 - 18, 2007. [100] "From MYRRHA to XT-ADS: the design evolution of an experimental ADS system", D. De Bruyn, D. Maes, L. Mansani \& B. Giraud AccApp'07, Pocatello, Idaho, July 30 - August 02, 2007. [101] Proceedings of the Topical Day "From MYRRHA towards XT-ADS", 23rd of November 2004, SCK·CEN, Belgium. [102] MYRRHA, A Multipurpose Accelerator Driven System for R&D. State-of-the-art at mid- 2003., Hamid Aït Abderrahim, P. Kupschus, Ph. Benoit, E. Malambu, V. Sobolev, Th. Aoust, K. Van Tichelen, B. Arien, F. Vermeersch, D. De Bruyn, D. Maes, W. Haeck, 2003, In Proceedings of the International Workshop on P&T and ADS development (ADOPT 2003), SCK·CEN club-house, October 6-8, 2003, Belgium. [103] MYRRHA: A Multipurpose Accelerator Driven System for Research & Development., Philippe Benoit, Hamid Aït Abderrahim, Peter Kupschus, Edouard Malambu, Katrien Van Tichelen, Baudouin Arien, Fernand Vermeersch, 2003, IAEA-TECDOC-1356, Technical Committee Meeting, Argonne, Illinois (USA). [104] Pre-design of MYRRHA, A Multipurpose Accelerator Driven System for Research and Development, Pierre D'hondt, H. Aït Abderrahim, P. Kupschus, E. Malambu, Th. Aoust, Ph. Benoit, V. Sobolev, K. Van Tichelen, B. Arien, F. Vermeersch, Y. Jongen, S. Ternier, D. Vandeplassche, 2003, CP680, Application of Accelerators in Research and Industry: 17th Int'l Conference, ISBN 0-7354-0149-7, pp. 961-964. [105] Ongoing activities in Belgium in the field of ADS D. De Bruyn IAEA Technical Meeting to "Review of National Programmes on Fast Reactors & Accelerator-Driven Systems (ADS)", IAEA Headquarters, Vienna (Austria), 10 - 14 May 2004. [106] Accelerator-driven Systems (ADS) and Fast Reactors (FR) in Advanced Nuclear Fuel Cycles, OECD NEA Report, ISBN 92-64-18482-1, 2002. [107] M. SALVATORES et al., “Long-Lived Radioactive Waste Transmutation and the Role of Accelerator Driven (Hybrid) Systems”, Nucl. Instrum. Methods in Physics Research A 414 (1998) 5-20. [108] P. MANDRILLON et al., High-Intensity Cyclotron Drivers for ADS, EET group, in preparation; S. O. SCHRIBER and P. MANDRILLON, “Accelerator Break-Out Group Summary”, Proc. Second Int. Conf. on Accelerator Driven Transmutation Technologies and Applications, Kalmar, Sweden, June 3-7, 1996, Vol. 2, p.1163. 145
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2008 THORIUM AS AN ENERGY SOURCE -
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TABLE OF CONTENTS Table of Contents
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Table of Contents 14.2 APPENDIX B2:
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The Thorium Report Committee was gi
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Foreword energy area. The price vol
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1. EXECUTIVE SUMMARY Executive Summ
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Radiation Protection of Man and the
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Executive Summary nuclear engineeri
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Introduction In the context of such
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2.3 The EU Situation Introduction T
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Oil, Gas, NGL, Condensate (Million
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TWh 160 150 140 130 120 110 100 90
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Figure 2.8: Number of Operating Rea
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Tonnes 1 200 000 1 000 000 800 000
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US $ / kg UF 6 160 140 120 100 80 6
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2.8 Worldwide Activities on Thorium
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1. Alkaline complexes and their peg
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Thorium Resources in Norway The tho
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Thorium Resources in Norway The pot
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Thorium Resources in Norway A serie
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4.1.1 Mining and Extraction The Fro
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The Front End of the Thorium Fuel C
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The Front End of the Thorium Fuel C
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4.3.2 HTGR Fuel Performance The Fro
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5.1 Properties of the Fertile Mater
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Nuclear Reactors for Thorium Table
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5.3.1 Light Water Reactor (LWR) Nuc
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Nuclear Reactors for Thorium 2. Cyc
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5.3.2.4 Gas Turbine-Modular Helium
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Figure 5.7: General Layout of the A
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5.4.2 Generation IV Reactors Nuclea
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Nuclear Reactors for Thorium econom
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Nuclear Reactors for Thorium • Ad
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Nuclear Reactors for Thorium temper
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Nuclear Reactors for Thorium Figure
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Nuclear Reactors for Thorium the de
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Nuclear Reactors for Thorium remova
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Nuclear Reactors for Thorium result
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The most important drawbacks of the
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Nuclear Reactors for Thorium mater
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6. THE BACK END OF THE THORIUM FUEL
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The Back End of the Thorium Fuel Cy
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8. REGULATION The use of thorium as
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• Safety, security and emergency
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Regulation • The Agreement betwee
Page 103 and 104: Non-proliferation Nations with secu
Page 105 and 106: Economical Aspects conventional rea
Page 107 and 108: 11. Radioecology 12. Decommissionin
Page 109 and 110: Research, Development, Education an
Page 117 and 118: Conclusions and Recommendations tho
Page 119 and 120: 13. APPENDIX A: INTRODUCTION TO NUC
Page 121 and 122: 14. APPENDIX B: NUCLEAR REACTOR TEC
Page 123 and 124: Figure 14.3: Boiling Water Reactor
Page 125 and 126: Appendix B: Nuclear Reactor Technol
Page 127 and 128: Table 15.1: The Current Course Pack
Page 129 and 130: • N12 Reactor Thermal Hydraulics,
Page 131 and 132: 16. APPENDIX D: RADIATION PROTECTIO
Page 133 and 134: Regulations on Radiation Protection
Page 135 and 136: ”Section 4. (Licence for nuclear
Page 137 and 138: 2. Dues shall be paid for the super
Page 139 and 140: use the best available technology s
Page 141 and 142: Summary: Legislation that is or may
Page 143 and 144: 216 Po α 0.145 s 6.906 (805) 212 P
Page 145 and 146: 18. ACRONYMS AND ABBREVIATIONS Acro
Page 147 and 148: Po polonium Po-208 polonium-208 Po-
Page 149 and 150: 19. REFERENCES References Chapter 2
Page 151 and 152: References [35] J.D. SEASE et al.,
Page 153: References [68] E. Merle-Lucotte, D
Page 157 and 158: References [122] L. CINOTTI, “Inh
Page 159 and 160: References [149] M. Crick, UNSCEAR,
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