THORIUM AS AN ENERGY SOURCE - Opportunities for Norway ...

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Thorium as an Energy Source - Opportunities for Norway 16.2 Appendix D2: Decay Properties of the Th-232 and U-238 Decay Series Decay properties of radionuclides included in the Th-232 and U-238 decay series. Thorium series Uranium series nuclide decay mode half life 132 α-energy MeV (γ-energy keV) 232 Th α 1.405·10 10 a 4.081 (64) 228 Ra β - 228 Ac β - 5.75 a 0.046 (14) 6.25 h 2.124 (911, 969) 228 Th α 1.9116 a 5.520 (84) 224 Ra α 3.6319 d 5.789 (241) 220 Rn α 55.6 s 6.404 (550) product of decay 228 Ra 228 Ac 228 Th 224 Ra 220 Rn 216 Po nuclide decay mode half life α-energy MeV (γ-energy keV) 238 U α 4.468·10 9 a 4.270 (50) 234 Th β - 234 Pa β - 24.10 d 0.273 (63, 92) 6.70 h 2.197 (131, 881) 234 U α 245500 a 4.859 (53) 230 Th α 75380 a 4.770 (68) 226 Ra α 1602 a 4.871 (186) 222 Rn α 3.8235 d 5.590 (510) 218 Po 218 At α 99.98 % β - 0.02 % α 99.90 % β - 0.10 % 3.10 min 1.5 s 6.115 0.265 6.874 2.883 product of decay 234 Th 234 Pa 234 U 230 Th 226 Ra 222 Rn 218 Po 214 Pb 218 At 214 Bi 218 Rn
216 Po α 0.145 s 6.906 (805) 212 Pb β - 212 Bi β - 64.06% α 35.94% 10.64 h 0.570 (239, 300) 60.55 min 212 Po α 299 ns 208 Tl β - 3.053 min 2.252 6.208 (727) 8.955 (2615, 728, 585) 4.999 (2615, 583, 511, 860, 277) 208 Pb . stable . . 212 Pb 212 Bi 212 Po 208 Tl 208 Pb 208 Pb 218 Rn α 35 ms 7.263 (609) 214 Pb β - 214 Bi 214 Po/ 210 Tl β - 99.98 % α 0.02 % α / β - 210 Pb β - 210 Bi β - 99.99987% α 0.00013% 26.8 min 1.024 (352, 295) 19.9 min 0.1643 ms / 1.30 min Appendix D: Radiation Protection 3.272 (609, 1764, 1120) 5.617 7.883 / 5.484 (800, 298) 22.3 a 0.064 (47) 5.013 d 1.426 5.982 (266, 304) 210 Po α 138.376 d 5.407 (803) 206 Tl β - 4.199 min 1.533 (803) 214 Po 214 Bi 214 Po 210 Tl 210 Pb 210 Bi 210 Po 206 Tl 206 Pb 206 Pb 206 Pb - stable - - 133
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2008 THORIUM AS AN ENERGY SOURCE -
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TABLE OF CONTENTS Table of Contents
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Table of Contents 14.2 APPENDIX B2:
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The Thorium Report Committee was gi
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Foreword energy area. The price vol
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1. EXECUTIVE SUMMARY Executive Summ
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Radiation Protection of Man and the
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Executive Summary nuclear engineeri
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Introduction In the context of such
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2.3 The EU Situation Introduction T
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Oil, Gas, NGL, Condensate (Million
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TWh 160 150 140 130 120 110 100 90
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Figure 2.8: Number of Operating Rea
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Tonnes 1 200 000 1 000 000 800 000
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US $ / kg UF 6 160 140 120 100 80 6
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2.8 Worldwide Activities on Thorium
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1. Alkaline complexes and their peg
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Thorium Resources in Norway The tho
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Thorium Resources in Norway The pot
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Thorium Resources in Norway A serie
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4.1.1 Mining and Extraction The Fro
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The Front End of the Thorium Fuel C
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The Front End of the Thorium Fuel C
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4.3.2 HTGR Fuel Performance The Fro
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5.1 Properties of the Fertile Mater
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Nuclear Reactors for Thorium Table
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5.3.1 Light Water Reactor (LWR) Nuc
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Nuclear Reactors for Thorium 2. Cyc
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5.3.2.4 Gas Turbine-Modular Helium
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Figure 5.7: General Layout of the A
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5.4.2 Generation IV Reactors Nuclea
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Nuclear Reactors for Thorium econom
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Nuclear Reactors for Thorium • Ad
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Nuclear Reactors for Thorium temper
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Nuclear Reactors for Thorium Figure
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Nuclear Reactors for Thorium the de
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Nuclear Reactors for Thorium remova
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Nuclear Reactors for Thorium result
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The most important drawbacks of the
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Nuclear Reactors for Thorium mater
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6. THE BACK END OF THE THORIUM FUEL
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The Back End of the Thorium Fuel Cy
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Radiation Protection of Man and the
Page 91 and 92: Radiation Protection of Man and the
Page 97 and 98: 8. REGULATION The use of thorium as
Page 99 and 100: • Safety, security and emergency
Page 101 and 102: Regulation • The Agreement betwee
Page 103 and 104: Non-proliferation Nations with secu
Page 105 and 106: Economical Aspects conventional rea
Page 107 and 108: 11. Radioecology 12. Decommissionin
Page 109 and 110: Research, Development, Education an
Page 117 and 118: Conclusions and Recommendations tho
Page 119 and 120: 13. APPENDIX A: INTRODUCTION TO NUC
Page 121 and 122: 14. APPENDIX B: NUCLEAR REACTOR TEC
Page 123 and 124: Figure 14.3: Boiling Water Reactor
Page 125 and 126: Appendix B: Nuclear Reactor Technol
Page 127 and 128: Table 15.1: The Current Course Pack
Page 129 and 130: • N12 Reactor Thermal Hydraulics,
Page 131 and 132: 16. APPENDIX D: RADIATION PROTECTIO
Page 133 and 134: Regulations on Radiation Protection
Page 135 and 136: ”Section 4. (Licence for nuclear
Page 137 and 138: 2. Dues shall be paid for the super
Page 139 and 140: use the best available technology s
Page 141: Summary: Legislation that is or may
Page 145 and 146: 18. ACRONYMS AND ABBREVIATIONS Acro
Page 147 and 148: Po polonium Po-208 polonium-208 Po-
Page 149 and 150: 19. REFERENCES References Chapter 2
Page 151 and 152: References [35] J.D. SEASE et al.,
Page 153 and 154: References [68] E. Merle-Lucotte, D
Page 155 and 156: References [97] "On-going activites
Page 157 and 158: References [122] L. CINOTTI, “Inh
Page 159 and 160: References [149] M. Crick, UNSCEAR,
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