THORIUM AS AN ENERGY SOURCE - Opportunities for Norway ...

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Thorium as an Energy Source - Opportunities for Norway INPRO International Project on Innovative Nuclear Reactors and Fuel Cycles INSTN French National Institute for Nuclear Sciences and Technology IR Inferred Resources ITER International Thermonuclear Experimental Reactor (Fusion) JAEA The Japan Atomic Energy Agency (formerly Japan Atomic Energy Research Institute, JAERI and Japan Nuclear Cycle Development Institute, JNC) KAPL Knolls Atomic Power Laboratory, USA keff effective neutron multiplication factor KEK The High Energy Accelerator Research Organization, Japan Kr-85 krypton-85 ( 85 Kr) kWh kilo Watt hour LBE Liquid Bismuth Eutectic LEU Low Enriched Uranium (< 20wt% U-235) LFR Lead-Cooled Fast Reactor (Generation IV concept) Li lithium LINAC linear accelerator LOCA Loss-Of-Coolant Accident LOF Loss-Of-Flow (possible accident of an ADS system) LOHS Loss-Of-Heat-Sink (possible accident of an ADS system) LPSC-lab Laboratoire de Physique Subatomique et de Cosmologie (in Grenoble) LWBR Light Water Breeder Reactor LWR Light Water Reactor MEGAPIE The Megawatt Pilot Experiment MEU Medium Enriched Uranium (
Po polonium Po-208 polonium-208 Po-209 polonium-209 Po-210 polonium-210 Po-216 polonium-216 ppm parts per million PRIS IAEA Power Reactor Information System PSI Paul Scherrer Institute, Switzerland Pu-238 plutonium-238 ( 238 U) Pu-239 plutonium-239 ( 239 Pu) Pu-240 plutonium-240 ( 240 Pu) Pu-241 plutonium-241 ( 241 Pu) Pu-242 plutonium-242 ( 242 Pu) PuF3 plutonium trifluoride PuO2 plutonium dioxide PUREX plutonium uranium extraction prosess PyC pyrolytic carbon R&D Research and Development Ra radium Ra-226 radium-226 ( 226 Ra) RAR Reasonably Assured Resources RCN The Research Council of Norway REE Rare Earth Elements Rn radon (Rn-222) Rn-220 thoron (a radon isotope) Ru-100 ruthenium-100 ( 100 Ru). RWTH Aachen Die Rheinisch-Westfälische Technische Hochschule Aachen SCK-CEN The Belgian Nuclear Research Centre SCWR Supercritical-Water-Cooled Reactor (Generation IV concept) SFR Sodium-Cooled Fast Reactor (Generation IV concept) SGMP Sol-Gel Microsphere Pelletization SiC silicon carbide SINQ Swiss spallation neutron source at Paul Scherrer Institut (PSI), Switzerland SINTEF Selskapet for INdustriell og TEknisk Forskning SiO2 Silica (Silicon Dioxide) SKB Svensk Kärnbränslehantering AB SKC The Swedish Centre for Nuclear Technology SKI The Nuclear Power Inspectorate in Sweden SNS The Spallation Neutron Source (accelerator-based neutron source being built in Oak Ridge, Tennessee, USA) Sv Sievert SWU Separative Work Unit (used in the enrichment process) T1/2 half-life (time to reduse the amount of radioactive material to the half) TBP tributyl phosphate Tc-100 technetium-100 ( 100 Tc) Tc-99 technetium-99 ( 99 Tc) TD theoretical density Th thorium Th-230 thorium-230 ( 230 Th) Th-232 thorium-232 ( 232 Th) Th-234 thorium-234 ( 234 Th) ThO2 thorium dioxide (thoria) THOREX thorium extraction process THTR Thorium High Temperature Reactor Ti titanium Tl-208 thallium-208 TMSR Thorium Molten Salt Reactor TRU transuranic (elements with atomic numbers greater than uranium) TURF Thorium-Uranium Recycle Facility TWh Tera Watt Hours (1 000 000 000 kWh) TWhe Tera Watt Hours Electrisity (1 000 000 000 kWhe) U uranium U-233 uranium-233 ( 233 U), fissile isotope of uranium U-234 uranium-234 ( 234 U) Acronyms and Abbreviations 137
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2008 THORIUM AS AN ENERGY SOURCE -
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TABLE OF CONTENTS Table of Contents
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Table of Contents 14.2 APPENDIX B2:
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The Thorium Report Committee was gi
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Foreword energy area. The price vol
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1. EXECUTIVE SUMMARY Executive Summ
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Radiation Protection of Man and the
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Executive Summary nuclear engineeri
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Introduction In the context of such
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2.3 The EU Situation Introduction T
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Oil, Gas, NGL, Condensate (Million
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TWh 160 150 140 130 120 110 100 90
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Figure 2.8: Number of Operating Rea
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Tonnes 1 200 000 1 000 000 800 000
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US $ / kg UF 6 160 140 120 100 80 6
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2.8 Worldwide Activities on Thorium
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1. Alkaline complexes and their peg
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Thorium Resources in Norway The tho
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Thorium Resources in Norway The pot
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Thorium Resources in Norway A serie
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4.1.1 Mining and Extraction The Fro
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The Front End of the Thorium Fuel C
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The Front End of the Thorium Fuel C
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4.3.2 HTGR Fuel Performance The Fro
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5.1 Properties of the Fertile Mater
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Nuclear Reactors for Thorium Table
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5.3.1 Light Water Reactor (LWR) Nuc
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Nuclear Reactors for Thorium 2. Cyc
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5.3.2.4 Gas Turbine-Modular Helium
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Figure 5.7: General Layout of the A
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5.4.2 Generation IV Reactors Nuclea
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Nuclear Reactors for Thorium econom
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Nuclear Reactors for Thorium • Ad
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Nuclear Reactors for Thorium temper
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Nuclear Reactors for Thorium Figure
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Nuclear Reactors for Thorium the de
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Nuclear Reactors for Thorium remova
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Nuclear Reactors for Thorium result
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The most important drawbacks of the
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Nuclear Reactors for Thorium mater
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6. THE BACK END OF THE THORIUM FUEL
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The Back End of the Thorium Fuel Cy
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Page 95 and 96: Radiation Protection of Man and the
Page 97 and 98: 8. REGULATION The use of thorium as
Page 99 and 100: • Safety, security and emergency
Page 101 and 102: Regulation • The Agreement betwee
Page 103 and 104: Non-proliferation Nations with secu
Page 105 and 106: Economical Aspects conventional rea
Page 107 and 108: 11. Radioecology 12. Decommissionin
Page 109 and 110: Research, Development, Education an
Page 117 and 118: Conclusions and Recommendations tho
Page 119 and 120: 13. APPENDIX A: INTRODUCTION TO NUC
Page 121 and 122: 14. APPENDIX B: NUCLEAR REACTOR TEC
Page 123 and 124: Figure 14.3: Boiling Water Reactor
Page 125 and 126: Appendix B: Nuclear Reactor Technol
Page 127 and 128: Table 15.1: The Current Course Pack
Page 129 and 130: • N12 Reactor Thermal Hydraulics,
Page 131 and 132: 16. APPENDIX D: RADIATION PROTECTIO
Page 133 and 134: Regulations on Radiation Protection
Page 135 and 136: ”Section 4. (Licence for nuclear
Page 137 and 138: 2. Dues shall be paid for the super
Page 139 and 140: use the best available technology s
Page 141 and 142: Summary: Legislation that is or may
Page 143 and 144: 216 Po α 0.145 s 6.906 (805) 212 P
Page 145: 18. ACRONYMS AND ABBREVIATIONS Acro
Page 149 and 150: 19. REFERENCES References Chapter 2
Page 151 and 152: References [35] J.D. SEASE et al.,
Page 153 and 154: References [68] E. Merle-Lucotte, D
Page 155 and 156: References [97] "On-going activites
Page 157 and 158: References [122] L. CINOTTI, “Inh
Page 159 and 160: References [149] M. Crick, UNSCEAR,
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