THORIUM AS AN ENERGY SOURCE - Opportunities for Norway ...

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Thorium as an Energy Source - Opportunities for Norway Acknowledgements The Thorium committee was established in the beginning of 2007 with well known experts in the nuclear area from Norway, OECD/NEA, Sweden and Switzerland as committee members. We had altogether 6 one day meetings in Oslo and some of the meetings continued into the following day. The hospitality of The Research Council of Norway was very well appreciated. I would warmly thank all the committee members for their collaborative and active working attitude. Discussions at the meetings were lively and constructive. We did not avoid the necessary philosophical debate giving to all of us the useful background for this kind of long term energy matter. When discussing long term energy visions and trends they come close to our scientific and social consciousness leading to most interesting debates. As external experts the Committee invited the following international nuclear area scientists and experts: • Dr. Hattangadi Suresh Kamath, Director of Nuclear Fuels Group, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre (BARC), India. • Professor Kurt Kugeler, Institute of reactor safety and -technology, RWTH Aachen University, Germany. • Professor Ulrich Ratzinger, Institute for Applied Physics, J.W. Goethe-University, Frankfurt, Germany. • Dr. Claude Renault, Chairman of the Generation IV Molten Salt Reactor Steering Committee, CEA France. • Dr. Gunnar Saxebøl, Director of the Department for Radiation Protection and Safety, The Norwegian Radiation Protection Authority (NRPA). • Dr. Per Strand, Director of the Department for Emergency Preparedness and Environmental Radioactivity, The Norwegian Radiation Protection Authority (NRPA). External Reports have also been provided by: • K. Kugeler, N. Pöppe, S. Jühe, O. Schitthelm: Use of Thorium in the nuclear energy technology - experiences in Germany. Institute of reactor safety and - technology, RWTH Aachen University, September 2007. • Ingvar Lindahl: Thorium resources in Norway, The Geological Survey of Norway (NGU), October 2007. • Mette Seyersted: Note to the Thorium Report Committee, The Norwegian Radiation Protection Authority (NRPA), November 2007. They all gave us interesting and high quality lectures and reports on various aspects of thorium as a nuclear fuel and energy source. We are all grateful to these experts for their enthusiastic and knowledgeable input to the Committees work. Much of the information provided has been directly used in this report. I would also like to thank The Norwegian Ministry of Petroleum and Energy for this very challenging task. This work has been at the same time most relevant from the global greenhouse gas point of view as well as from the point of view of the ongoing development within the nuclear viii
Foreword energy area. The price volatility of fossil fuels gave an extra flavour to this kind of long term thinking. Last but definitely not least I thank our secretary Lise, who with her positive character carried out much more of the reporting work than we could reasonably expect. Mikko Kara Chairman of the Committee ix
Page 1 and 2: 2008 THORIUM AS AN ENERGY SOURCE -
Page 3 and 4: TABLE OF CONTENTS Table of Contents
Page 5 and 6: Table of Contents 14.2 APPENDIX B2:
Page 7: The Thorium Report Committee was gi
Page 11 and 12: 1. EXECUTIVE SUMMARY Executive Summ
Page 13 and 14: Radiation Protection of Man and the
Page 15 and 16: Executive Summary nuclear engineeri
Page 17 and 18: Introduction In the context of such
Page 19 and 20: 2.3 The EU Situation Introduction T
Page 21 and 22: Oil, Gas, NGL, Condensate (Million
Page 23 and 24: TWh 160 150 140 130 120 110 100 90
Page 25 and 26: Figure 2.8: Number of Operating Rea
Page 27 and 28: Tonnes 1 200 000 1 000 000 800 000
Page 29 and 30: US $ / kg UF 6 160 140 120 100 80 6
Page 31 and 32: 2.8 Worldwide Activities on Thorium
Page 33 and 34: 1. Alkaline complexes and their peg
Page 35 and 36: Thorium Resources in Norway The tho
Page 37 and 38: Thorium Resources in Norway The pot
Page 39 and 40: Thorium Resources in Norway A serie
Page 41 and 42: 4.1.1 Mining and Extraction The Fro
Page 43 and 44: The Front End of the Thorium Fuel C
Page 45 and 46: The Front End of the Thorium Fuel C
Page 47 and 48: 4.3.2 HTGR Fuel Performance The Fro
Page 49 and 50: 5.1 Properties of the Fertile Mater
Page 51 and 52: Nuclear Reactors for Thorium Table
Page 53 and 54: 5.3.1 Light Water Reactor (LWR) Nuc
Page 55 and 56: Nuclear Reactors for Thorium 2. Cyc
Page 57 and 58: 5.3.2.4 Gas Turbine-Modular Helium
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Figure 5.7: General Layout of the A
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5.4.2 Generation IV Reactors Nuclea
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Nuclear Reactors for Thorium econom
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Nuclear Reactors for Thorium • Ad
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Nuclear Reactors for Thorium temper
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Nuclear Reactors for Thorium Figure
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Nuclear Reactors for Thorium the de
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Nuclear Reactors for Thorium remova
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Nuclear Reactors for Thorium result
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The most important drawbacks of the
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Nuclear Reactors for Thorium mater
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6. THE BACK END OF THE THORIUM FUEL
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The Back End of the Thorium Fuel Cy
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Radiation Protection of Man and the
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8. REGULATION The use of thorium as
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• Safety, security and emergency
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Regulation • The Agreement betwee
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Non-proliferation Nations with secu
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Economical Aspects conventional rea
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11. Radioecology 12. Decommissionin
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Research, Development, Education an
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Page 113 and 114:
Page 115 and 116:
Page 117 and 118:
Conclusions and Recommendations tho
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13. APPENDIX A: INTRODUCTION TO NUC
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14. APPENDIX B: NUCLEAR REACTOR TEC
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Figure 14.3: Boiling Water Reactor
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Appendix B: Nuclear Reactor Technol
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Table 15.1: The Current Course Pack
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• N12 Reactor Thermal Hydraulics,
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16. APPENDIX D: RADIATION PROTECTIO
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Regulations on Radiation Protection
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”Section 4. (Licence for nuclear
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2. Dues shall be paid for the super
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use the best available technology s
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Summary: Legislation that is or may
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216 Po α 0.145 s 6.906 (805) 212 P
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18. ACRONYMS AND ABBREVIATIONS Acro
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Po polonium Po-208 polonium-208 Po-
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19. REFERENCES References Chapter 2
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References [35] J.D. SEASE et al.,
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References [68] E. Merle-Lucotte, D
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References [97] "On-going activites
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References [122] L. CINOTTI, “Inh
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References [149] M. Crick, UNSCEAR,
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