THORIUM AS AN ENERGY SOURCE - Opportunities for Norway ...

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Thorium as an Energy Source - Opportunities for Norway 5.4.4.6 Advantages of the ADS..............................................................................................................................65 5.4.4.7 Disadvantages of ADS...............................................................................................................................66 5.4.4.8 Conclusion .................................................................................................................................................66 5.4.4.9 Status of ADS R&D Activities...................................................................................................................67 5.4.4.10 Roadmap for an Experimental ADS in Europe ..........................................................................................69 6. THE BACK END OF THE THORIUM FUEL CYCLE ................................................................. 71 6.1 THORIUM CYCLE IN REACTORS.............................................................................................................. 71 6.1.1 Once-Through (Open) Thorium Cycle........................................................................................... 71 6.1.2 Closed Thorium Cycle ................................................................................................................... 72 6.2 THORIUM CYCLE IN ACCELERATOR-DRIVEN SYSTEMS.......................................................................... 73 6.3 REPROCESSING OF THORIUM-BASE IRRADIATED FUELS AND WASTE MANAGEMENT............................ 74 6.3.1 The “Head-End” Operations ........................................................................................................ 75 6.3.2 Separation and Purification Operations: the THOREX Process................................................... 76 6.3.3 Waste Treatment............................................................................................................................ 77 6.3.4 The Dry Processes......................................................................................................................... 78 7. RADIATION PROTECTION OF MAN AND THE ENVIRONMENT ........................................ 79 7.1 DOSES ASSOCIATED WITH THE FRONT END OF THE THORIUM CYCLE .................................................... 80 7.2 THE RADIOLOGICAL SITUATION IN THE FEN COMPLEX.......................................................................... 81 7.3 DOSES ASSOCIATED WITH THE BACK END OF THE THORIUM CYCLE...................................................... 82 7.4 SAFETY AND ACCIDENTS ....................................................................................................................... 83 7.5 RADIATION PROTECTION ACT................................................................................................................ 84 8. REGULATION.................................................................................................................................... 87 8.1 EXPLOITATION OF THORIUM MINERALS IN NORWAY: MINING AND MILLING OF THORIUM................... 87 8.2 IMPORT OF THORIUM TO NORWAY AND EXPORT OF THORIUM FROM NORWAY ..................................... 88 8.3 ENRICHMENT, FUEL PRODUCTION, OPERATION AND WASTE DISPOSAL................................................. 88 8.4 THE ESTABLISHMENT OF A THORIUM BASED NUCLEAR REACTOR IN NORWAY..................................... 89 8.5 THE ESTABLISHMENT OF A THORIUM BASED ADS IN NORWAY ............................................................ 90 8.6 SAFETY MEASURES AND EMERGENCY PREPAREDNESS.......................................................................... 90 8.7 NUCLEAR LIABILITY (COMPENSATION AND INSURANCE) ...................................................................... 90 8.8 CONTROL OF THE PEACEFUL UTILISATION OF NUCLEAR ENERGY ......................................................... 90 8.9 CONCLUSIONS ........................................................................................................................................ 91 9. NON-PROLIFERATION ................................................................................................................... 92 10. ECONOMICAL ASPECTS................................................................................................................ 94 11. RESEARCH, DEVELOPMENT, EDUCATION AND TRAINING............................................... 96 11.1 MASTER AND PHD EDUCATION IN NUCLEAR SCIENCES IN NORWAY ..................................................... 96 11.2 NORWEGIAN COMPETENCE IN NUCLEAR ENERGY TECHNOLOGY .......................................................... 97 11.3 NORWEGIAN SUPPLIER INDUSTRY.......................................................................................................... 98 11.4 RELEVANT NORWEGIAN RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT ...................................................................... 98 11.5 EDUCATION IN NUCLEAR TECHNOLOGY ................................................................................................ 99 11.5.1 Finland ........................................................................................................................................ 100 11.5.2 Sweden......................................................................................................................................... 100 11.5.3 UK ............................................................................................................................................... 101 11.5.4 Canada ........................................................................................................................................ 102 11.5.5 European collaboration............................................................................................................... 102 11.5.5.1 The NEPTUNO project............................................................................................................................102 11.5.5.2 The ENEN project....................................................................................................................................103 11.5.5.3 The EURAC project.................................................................................................................................104 11.5.6 World Nuclear University (WNU) ............................................................................................... 104 12. CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS........................................................................... 106 13. APPENDIX A: INTRODUCTION TO NUCLEAR ENERGY..................................................... 109 14. APPENDIX B: NUCLEAR REACTOR TECHNOLOGY............................................................ 111 iv 14.1 APPENDIX B1: PRESSURISED WATER REACTOR (PWR)....................................................................... 111
Table of Contents 14.2 APPENDIX B2: BOILING WATER REACTOR (BWR)...............................................................................112 14.3 APPENDIX B3: PRESSURISED HEAVY WATER REACTOR (PHWR OR CANDU)....................................113 14.4 APPENDIX B4: GAS COOLED REACTORS (GCR) ...................................................................................114 14.5 APPENDIX B5: FAST BREEDER REACTOR (FBR)...................................................................................115 15. APPENDIX C: EDUCATION AND TRAINING ...........................................................................116 16. APPENDIX D: RADIATION PROTECTION................................................................................121 16.1 APPENDIX D1: NOTE FROM THE NORWEGIAN RADIATION PROTECTION AUTHORITIES ........................121 16.2 APPENDIX D2: DECAY PROPERTIES OF THE TH-232 AND U-238 DECAY SERIES...................................132 17. LIST OF FIGURES ...........................................................................................................................134 18. ACRONYMS AND ABBREVIATIONS..........................................................................................135 19. REFERENCES...................................................................................................................................139 v
Page 1 and 2: 2008 THORIUM AS AN ENERGY SOURCE -
Page 3: TABLE OF CONTENTS Table of Contents
Page 7 and 8: The Thorium Report Committee was gi
Page 9 and 10: Foreword energy area. The price vol
Page 11 and 12: 1. EXECUTIVE SUMMARY Executive Summ
Page 13 and 14: Radiation Protection of Man and the
Page 15 and 16: Executive Summary nuclear engineeri
Page 17 and 18: Introduction In the context of such
Page 19 and 20: 2.3 The EU Situation Introduction T
Page 21 and 22: Oil, Gas, NGL, Condensate (Million
Page 23 and 24: TWh 160 150 140 130 120 110 100 90
Page 25 and 26: Figure 2.8: Number of Operating Rea
Page 27 and 28: Tonnes 1 200 000 1 000 000 800 000
Page 29 and 30: US $ / kg UF 6 160 140 120 100 80 6
Page 31 and 32: 2.8 Worldwide Activities on Thorium
Page 33 and 34: 1. Alkaline complexes and their peg
Page 35 and 36: Thorium Resources in Norway The tho
Page 37 and 38: Thorium Resources in Norway The pot
Page 39 and 40: Thorium Resources in Norway A serie
Page 41 and 42: 4.1.1 Mining and Extraction The Fro
Page 43 and 44: The Front End of the Thorium Fuel C
Page 45 and 46: The Front End of the Thorium Fuel C
Page 47 and 48: 4.3.2 HTGR Fuel Performance The Fro
Page 49 and 50: 5.1 Properties of the Fertile Mater
Page 51 and 52: Nuclear Reactors for Thorium Table
Page 53 and 54: 5.3.1 Light Water Reactor (LWR) Nuc
Page 55 and 56:
Nuclear Reactors for Thorium 2. Cyc
Page 57 and 58:
5.3.2.4 Gas Turbine-Modular Helium
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Figure 5.7: General Layout of the A
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5.4.2 Generation IV Reactors Nuclea
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Nuclear Reactors for Thorium econom
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Nuclear Reactors for Thorium • Ad
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Nuclear Reactors for Thorium temper
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Nuclear Reactors for Thorium Figure
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Nuclear Reactors for Thorium the de
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Nuclear Reactors for Thorium remova
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Nuclear Reactors for Thorium result
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The most important drawbacks of the
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Nuclear Reactors for Thorium mater
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6. THE BACK END OF THE THORIUM FUEL
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The Back End of the Thorium Fuel Cy
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Radiation Protection of Man and the
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Page 93 and 94:
Page 95 and 96:
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8. REGULATION The use of thorium as
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• Safety, security and emergency
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Regulation • The Agreement betwee
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Non-proliferation Nations with secu
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Economical Aspects conventional rea
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11. Radioecology 12. Decommissionin
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Research, Development, Education an
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Page 113 and 114:
Page 115 and 116:
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Conclusions and Recommendations tho
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13. APPENDIX A: INTRODUCTION TO NUC
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14. APPENDIX B: NUCLEAR REACTOR TEC
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Figure 14.3: Boiling Water Reactor
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Appendix B: Nuclear Reactor Technol
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Table 15.1: The Current Course Pack
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• N12 Reactor Thermal Hydraulics,
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16. APPENDIX D: RADIATION PROTECTIO
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Regulations on Radiation Protection
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”Section 4. (Licence for nuclear
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2. Dues shall be paid for the super
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use the best available technology s
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Summary: Legislation that is or may
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216 Po α 0.145 s 6.906 (805) 212 P
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18. ACRONYMS AND ABBREVIATIONS Acro
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Po polonium Po-208 polonium-208 Po-
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19. REFERENCES References Chapter 2
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References [35] J.D. SEASE et al.,
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References [68] E. Merle-Lucotte, D
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References [97] "On-going activites
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References [122] L. CINOTTI, “Inh
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References [149] M. Crick, UNSCEAR,
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