THORIUM AS AN ENERGY SOURCE - Opportunities for Norway ...

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Thorium as an Energy Source - Opportunities for Norway References Chapter 6: [135] T.H. PIGFORD, “Thorium Fuel Cycles Compared to Uranium Fuel Cycles”, J. Phys. IV France 9 (1999). [136] J.H. BULTMAN, “Once-Through Burning of Transuranics in CANDU”, Technical Report ECN-R-95-024, Netherlands Energy Research Foundation (ECN), Petten, The Netherlands, 1995. [137] W.M.P. FRANKEN et al., “Evaluation of Thorium Based Nuclear Fuel, Extended Summary”, Technical Report ECN-R-95-006, Netherlands Energy Research Foundation (ECN), Petten, The Netherlands, 1995. [138] “Thorium as a waste management option”, Report – EUR 19142 – 2000. [139] Dominique Greneche et al, Proceedings of ICAPP 2007, Nice, France, May 13-18, 2007, Paper 7367) [140] C.D. BOWMAN et al., Nucl. Instrum. Methods A 320, 336 (1992). [141] C.D. BOWMAN, “Accelerator-Driven Systems for Nuclear Waste Transmutation”, Annu. Rev. Part. Sci. 48, 505-556 (1998). [142] C.D. BOWMAN, “Once-Through Thermal Spectrum Accelerator-Driven System for LWR Waste Destruction Without Reprocessing: Tier-1 Description”, ADNA Corporation Report No. ADNA/98-04, 1998 [143] C. RUBBIA et al., “Conceptual Design of a Fast Neutron Operated High Power Energy Amplifier”, CERN/AT/95-44 (ET), Sept. 29, 1995; see also C. Rubbia, “A High Gain Energy Amplifier Operated with fast Neutrons”, AIP Conference Proc. 346, Int. Conf. on ADT Technologies and Applications, Las Vegas, 1994. Energy Amplifier for Nuclear Energy Production Driven by a Particle Beam Accelerator, US Patent 5,774,514 – PCT/EP94/02467 – PCT/WO95/12203, June 1998. [144] C. RUBBIA et al., “Fast Neutron Incineration in the Energy Amplifier as Alternative to Geological Storage: the Case of Spain”, CERN/LHC/97-01 (EET), 1997. [145] H. Arnould et al., Phys. Lett. B458 (1999) 167-180; H. Arnould et al., “Neutron-Driven Nuclear Transmutation by Adiabatic Resonance Crossing”, CERN-SL-99-036 EET, July 26, 1999 and Report to the European Union, DGXII, EUR 19117 EN NEUTRON-DRIVEN ELEMENT TRANSMUTER, European patent – PCT/EP97/03218 – June 1997. [146] H.C. RATHVON, A.G. BLASEWITZ, “Recovery of U-233 from Irradiated Thoria”, 2 nd Int. Symp. On the Thorium Fuel Cycle, Gatlinburg, TN (USA), 1966. References Chapter 7: [147] S.A. WEAKLEY, D.E. BLAHNIK, J.K. YOUNG, C.H. BLOOMSTER, “Environmental Control Technology for Mining, Milling, and Refining Thorium”, Technical Report PNL- 3253-UC-11, Pacific Northwest Laboratory, Richland, Washington, USA, 1980. [148] IAEA, Thorium fuel cycle – Potential benefits and challenges, IAEA-TECDOC-1450 (May 2005). 148
References [149] M. Crick, UNSCEAR, Oral presentation, the Norwegian academy of Science and letters, Oslo, 2007. [150] Mikhail BALONOV, Former secretary of the Chernobyl Forum, Oral presentation, the Norwegian academy of Science and letters, Oslo, 2007. References Chapter 9: [151] Sverre Lodgaard, Context: “From Oppenheimer to Reliable Replacement Warheads”; Morten Bremer Mæerli, The Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty, “Nuclear Weapons in the 21 st Century: Old Players, New Game – New Players, Old Game”, Military Power Seminar 2007, 6-7 December 2007, Oslo, Norway. [152] L.C. Hebel at al., Report to the American Physical Society by the study group on nuclear fuel cycles and waste management, Reviews of Modern Physics 50 (1978) S1. [153] C. Rubbia et al., Conceptual Design of a fast neutron operated high power energy amplifier, CERN/AT/95-44 (ET) (1995). [154] P.D. Wilson and K.F. Ainsworth, Potential advantages and drawbacks of the Thorium fuel cycle in relation to the current practice: a BNFL view, in: “Thorium fuel utilization: Options and trends”, IAEA-TECDOC-1319 (2002). [155] H.S. Kamath, Thorium fuel development for Indian Nuclear Power Programme, Presentation at the Thorium committee meeting, Oslo (2007). [156] C. Rubbia, Energy amplifier for nuclear energy production driven by a particle beam accelerator, US patent US5774514 (1998). [157] R. Brogli et al., Fortgeschrittene nukleare Systeme im Vergleich, PSI (1996). [158] Carlo Rubbia, CERN/LHC/96-01 (EET), 1996. 149
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2008 THORIUM AS AN ENERGY SOURCE -
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TABLE OF CONTENTS Table of Contents
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Table of Contents 14.2 APPENDIX B2:
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The Thorium Report Committee was gi
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Foreword energy area. The price vol
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1. EXECUTIVE SUMMARY Executive Summ
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Radiation Protection of Man and the
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Executive Summary nuclear engineeri
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Introduction In the context of such
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2.3 The EU Situation Introduction T
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Oil, Gas, NGL, Condensate (Million
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TWh 160 150 140 130 120 110 100 90
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Figure 2.8: Number of Operating Rea
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Tonnes 1 200 000 1 000 000 800 000
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US $ / kg UF 6 160 140 120 100 80 6
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2.8 Worldwide Activities on Thorium
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1. Alkaline complexes and their peg
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Thorium Resources in Norway The tho
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Thorium Resources in Norway The pot
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Thorium Resources in Norway A serie
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4.1.1 Mining and Extraction The Fro
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The Front End of the Thorium Fuel C
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The Front End of the Thorium Fuel C
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4.3.2 HTGR Fuel Performance The Fro
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5.1 Properties of the Fertile Mater
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Nuclear Reactors for Thorium Table
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5.3.1 Light Water Reactor (LWR) Nuc
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Nuclear Reactors for Thorium 2. Cyc
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5.3.2.4 Gas Turbine-Modular Helium
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Figure 5.7: General Layout of the A
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5.4.2 Generation IV Reactors Nuclea
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Nuclear Reactors for Thorium econom
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Nuclear Reactors for Thorium • Ad
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Nuclear Reactors for Thorium temper
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Nuclear Reactors for Thorium Figure
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Nuclear Reactors for Thorium the de
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Nuclear Reactors for Thorium remova
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Nuclear Reactors for Thorium result
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The most important drawbacks of the
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Nuclear Reactors for Thorium mater
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6. THE BACK END OF THE THORIUM FUEL
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The Back End of the Thorium Fuel Cy
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8. REGULATION The use of thorium as
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• Safety, security and emergency
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Regulation • The Agreement betwee
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Non-proliferation Nations with secu
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Economical Aspects conventional rea
Page 107 and 108: 11. Radioecology 12. Decommissionin
Page 109 and 110: Research, Development, Education an
Page 117 and 118: Conclusions and Recommendations tho
Page 119 and 120: 13. APPENDIX A: INTRODUCTION TO NUC
Page 121 and 122: 14. APPENDIX B: NUCLEAR REACTOR TEC
Page 123 and 124: Figure 14.3: Boiling Water Reactor
Page 125 and 126: Appendix B: Nuclear Reactor Technol
Page 127 and 128: Table 15.1: The Current Course Pack
Page 129 and 130: • N12 Reactor Thermal Hydraulics,
Page 131 and 132: 16. APPENDIX D: RADIATION PROTECTIO
Page 133 and 134: Regulations on Radiation Protection
Page 135 and 136: ”Section 4. (Licence for nuclear
Page 137 and 138: 2. Dues shall be paid for the super
Page 139 and 140: use the best available technology s
Page 141 and 142: Summary: Legislation that is or may
Page 143 and 144: 216 Po α 0.145 s 6.906 (805) 212 P
Page 145 and 146: 18. ACRONYMS AND ABBREVIATIONS Acro
Page 147 and 148: Po polonium Po-208 polonium-208 Po-
Page 149 and 150: 19. REFERENCES References Chapter 2
Page 151 and 152: References [35] J.D. SEASE et al.,
Page 153 and 154: References [68] E. Merle-Lucotte, D
Page 155 and 156: References [97] "On-going activites
Page 157: References [122] L. CINOTTI, “Inh
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