THORIUM AS AN ENERGY SOURCE - Opportunities for Norway ...

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Thorium as an Energy Source - Opportunities for Norway Gram CO 2 Equivalents per kWh Greenhouse Gas Emission by Electricity Production 400 350 300 250 200 150 100 50 0 Lignite Coal Oil The ranges correspond to differences in generation technology Gas Solar pv Figure 2.2: Greenhouse Gas Emission by Electricity Production Method. Hydro (Source: OECD/NEA) In the IEA reference scenario, global electricity use doubles between now and 2030 and even nearly triples in developing countries, its share of final energy consumption rising from 17 % to 22 %. Fossil fuels will continue to dominate the fuel mix for electricity generation, increasing their contribution from 66 % to 70 %. Therefore the global CO2 emissions from the energy sector will see a two thirds increase, 75 % of which is due to the recourse to coal, especially in China and India. The historic and estimated future world energy consumption and carbon dioxide (CO2) production are shown in Figure 2.3. 8 Figure 2.3: Historic and Estimated Future World Energy Consumption and Carbon Dioxide (CO2) Production (IEA Reference Scenario). Biomass (Source: IAEA bulletin n° 42/2, 2000) Wind Nuclear
2.3 The EU Situation Introduction The current European energy policy was formally approved by the Brussels European Council on March 8 - 9, 2007. The Commission’s Energy and Climate Change Package including an EU Strategic Energy Review was endorsed. The Council then underlined the vital importance of limiting the global average temperature increase to not more than 2°C above the pre-industrial level. It was stated that “an integrated climate and energy policy is needed” and that three objectives should be pursued: 1. Increasing security of supply. 2. Ensuring competitiveness of European economies and availability of affordable energy. 3. Promoting environmental sustainability and combating climate change. The Council emphasised that the EU is committed to transforming Europe into a highly energyefficient and low greenhouse gas emitting economy. It was stressed that in pursuing these objectives, the Member States’ choice of energy mix and sovereignty over primary energy sources should be fully respected. The EU Climate and Energy Package - Targets by 2020: 1. Reduction of greenhouse gas emissions by 20 % compared with the 1990 level. 2. Reduction of energy consumption by 20 % compared with the 1990 level. 3. Increase the share of renewable sources in the EU energy mix to 20 %. 4. Increase the share of biofuels in transport petrol and diesel to 10 %. The Council emphasised that the EU makes a firm independent commitment to achieve at least a 20 % reduction in greenhouse gas emissions by 2020 compared with the 1990 level. The Council also stressed the importance of an internal market for gas and electricity and security of supply including the response to potential crises. A crucial issue is Carbon Capture and Sequestration which will be part of the European Strategic Energy Technology plan to be examined at the spring 2008 European Council meeting. The main remaining issue in creating an internal energy market is the unbundling of energy production and wholesale market from energy transmission and delivery. Also the increase of grid connections between EU countries is of vital importance. As far as security of supply is concerned, it will be necessary to build emission-free coal fired power plants since coal and gas account for over 50 % of the EU electricity supply. The Commission is therefore working on designing a mechanism by which 12 large-scale demonstrations of sustainable fossil-fuel technologies can be in operation by 2015. The Commission believes that by 2020 all new coal-fired plants should include CO2 Capture and Sequestration. Saving 20 % of energy by 2020 is one of the EU’s major goals. The Energy Efficiency Action Plan includes actions to make energy appliances, buildings, transportation and energy generation more efficient. If successful, the EU would by 2020 save 780 million tonnes of CO2 release each year. A Renewable Energy Roadmap paving the way towards a 20 % share of renewables in the EU energy mix by 2020 is part of the EU Climate and Energy Package. Member states will be required to establish National Action Plans for each of the renewable energy sectors – electricity, biofuels, heating and cooling. The roadmap also includes a coordinated development of biofuels within the EU so that by 2020 biofuels will reach in each country 10 % of transport petrol and diesel, compared with the current the average of 1 %. 9
Page 1 and 2: 2008 THORIUM AS AN ENERGY SOURCE -
Page 3 and 4: TABLE OF CONTENTS Table of Contents
Page 5 and 6: Table of Contents 14.2 APPENDIX B2:
Page 7 and 8: The Thorium Report Committee was gi
Page 9 and 10: Foreword energy area. The price vol
Page 11 and 12: 1. EXECUTIVE SUMMARY Executive Summ
Page 13 and 14: Radiation Protection of Man and the
Page 15 and 16: Executive Summary nuclear engineeri
Page 17: Introduction In the context of such
Page 21 and 22: Oil, Gas, NGL, Condensate (Million
Page 23 and 24: TWh 160 150 140 130 120 110 100 90
Page 25 and 26: Figure 2.8: Number of Operating Rea
Page 27 and 28: Tonnes 1 200 000 1 000 000 800 000
Page 29 and 30: US $ / kg UF 6 160 140 120 100 80 6
Page 31 and 32: 2.8 Worldwide Activities on Thorium
Page 33 and 34: 1. Alkaline complexes and their peg
Page 35 and 36: Thorium Resources in Norway The tho
Page 37 and 38: Thorium Resources in Norway The pot
Page 39 and 40: Thorium Resources in Norway A serie
Page 41 and 42: 4.1.1 Mining and Extraction The Fro
Page 43 and 44: The Front End of the Thorium Fuel C
Page 45 and 46: The Front End of the Thorium Fuel C
Page 47 and 48: 4.3.2 HTGR Fuel Performance The Fro
Page 49 and 50: 5.1 Properties of the Fertile Mater
Page 51 and 52: Nuclear Reactors for Thorium Table
Page 53 and 54: 5.3.1 Light Water Reactor (LWR) Nuc
Page 55 and 56: Nuclear Reactors for Thorium 2. Cyc
Page 57 and 58: 5.3.2.4 Gas Turbine-Modular Helium
Page 59 and 60: Figure 5.7: General Layout of the A
Page 61 and 62: 5.4.2 Generation IV Reactors Nuclea
Page 63 and 64: Nuclear Reactors for Thorium econom
Page 65 and 66: Nuclear Reactors for Thorium • Ad
Page 67 and 68: Nuclear Reactors for Thorium temper
Page 69 and 70:
Nuclear Reactors for Thorium Figure
Page 71 and 72:
Nuclear Reactors for Thorium the de
Page 73 and 74:
Nuclear Reactors for Thorium remova
Page 75 and 76:
Nuclear Reactors for Thorium result
Page 77 and 78:
The most important drawbacks of the
Page 79 and 80:
Nuclear Reactors for Thorium mater
Page 81 and 82:
6. THE BACK END OF THE THORIUM FUEL
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The Back End of the Thorium Fuel Cy
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Page 87 and 88:
Page 89 and 90:
Radiation Protection of Man and the
Page 91 and 92:
Page 93 and 94:
Page 95 and 96:
Page 97 and 98:
8. REGULATION The use of thorium as
Page 99 and 100:
• Safety, security and emergency
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Regulation • The Agreement betwee
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Non-proliferation Nations with secu
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Economical Aspects conventional rea
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11. Radioecology 12. Decommissionin
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Research, Development, Education an
Page 111 and 112:
Page 113 and 114:
Page 115 and 116:
Page 117 and 118:
Conclusions and Recommendations tho
Page 119 and 120:
13. APPENDIX A: INTRODUCTION TO NUC
Page 121 and 122:
14. APPENDIX B: NUCLEAR REACTOR TEC
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Figure 14.3: Boiling Water Reactor
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Appendix B: Nuclear Reactor Technol
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Table 15.1: The Current Course Pack
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• N12 Reactor Thermal Hydraulics,
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16. APPENDIX D: RADIATION PROTECTIO
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Regulations on Radiation Protection
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”Section 4. (Licence for nuclear
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2. Dues shall be paid for the super
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use the best available technology s
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Summary: Legislation that is or may
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216 Po α 0.145 s 6.906 (805) 212 P
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18. ACRONYMS AND ABBREVIATIONS Acro
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Po polonium Po-208 polonium-208 Po-
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19. REFERENCES References Chapter 2
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References [35] J.D. SEASE et al.,
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References [68] E. Merle-Lucotte, D
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References [97] "On-going activites
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References [122] L. CINOTTI, “Inh
Page 159 and 160:
References [149] M. Crick, UNSCEAR,
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