THORIUM AS AN ENERGY SOURCE - Opportunities for Norway ...

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Thorium as an Energy Source - Opportunities for Norway U-235 uranium-235 ( 235 U), fissile isotope of uranium (0.7 wt% in natural uranium) U-236 uranium-236 ( 236 U) U-238 uranium-238 ( 238 U) U3O8 Triuranium octaoxide (Yellow cake) (directly from the uranium mines) (An oxide form of uranium that is the most common chemical form) found in nature. UC2 uranium carbide UCO uranium oxycarbide UF6 Uranium hexafluoride (a compound used in the uranium enrichment process) UiB University of Bergen, Norway UiO University of Oslo, Norway UMB Norwegian University of Life Sciences at Ås, Norway UNENE University Network of Excellence in Nuclear Engineering UNFCCC United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change UNIK University studies at Kjeller UO2 uranium dioxide UOIT University of Ontario Institute of Technology, Canada USGS The US Geological Survey VHTR Very-High-Temperature Reactor (Generation IV concept) VVER Russian version of the Pressurized Water Reactor (PWR) WNU World Nuclear University WNUCC WNU Coordinating Centre in London wt% weight percent Xe-135 xenon-135 ( 135 Xe) Y yttrium zircon zirconium silicate (ZrSiO4) Zr zirconium βeff delayed neutron fraction $ reactivity unit, 1$ is the reactivity insertion that will make a critical reactor prompt critical 138
19. REFERENCES References Chapter 2: [1] World Energy Outlook 2007. [2] World Energy Outlook 2006. References [3] Kraftbalansen i Norge mot 2020, Oppdatert anslag per juni 2005, Norges vassdrags- og energidirektorat. [4] Tomas Lefvert: Kärnkraftens globala status och fortsatta utveckling, Elforsk rapport 06:24, Mars 2006. [5] A Technology Roadmap for Generation IV Nuclear Energy Systems, GIF-002-00 issued by the Generation IV International Forum and the US DOE Nuclear Energy Research Advisory Committee, December 2002. [6] OECD/NEA and IAEA, Uranium 2005: Resources, Production and Demand. [7] Nuclear Power and Climate Change, Nuclear Energy Agency (NEA). [8] “Thorium-based Nuclear Fuel: Current Status and Perspectives”, Technical Report IAEA- TECDOC-412, International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA), Vienna, Austria, 1987. [9] Thorium Power, Inc. McLean, USA. References Chapter 3: [10] Brøgger, W.C., Die Eruptivgesteine des Kristianiagebietes IV. Das Fengebiet in Telemark, Norwegen. Skrifter, Det Norske videnskapsakademi i Oslo I, Mat.-naturv. klasse 9, 408, 1921. [11] Megon A/S Torium-fremstilling i Norge, Oslo 21. juni 1973. [12] Lindahl, I., Thorium resources in Norway, The Geological Survey of Norway (NGU), October 2007. [13] Ramberg, I.B., Barth, T.F.W., Eocambrian volcanism in southern Norway. Norsk Geologisk tidsskrift 46, 219–236, 1966. [14] Sæther, E., The alkaline rock province of the Fen area in southern Norway. Det Konglige Norske Videnskabers Selskabs Skrifter 1, 148, 1957. [15] Sundal, A.V. and Strand, T., Indoor gamma radiation and radon concentrations in a Norwegian carbonatite area. Journal of Environmental Radioactivity 77 (2004) 175–189, 2004. [16] Heincke, B., Mogaard, J. O., Rønning, J. S. & Smethurst, M. A. 2007: Kartlegging av thorium, uran og kalium ved Ulefoss, Nome kommune. NGU rapport 2007.021. References Chapter 4: [17] A. LUNG, “A Present Review of the Thorium Nuclear Fuel Cycles”, Technical Report EUR 17771 EN, European Commission, Brussels, 1997. 139
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2008 THORIUM AS AN ENERGY SOURCE -
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TABLE OF CONTENTS Table of Contents
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Table of Contents 14.2 APPENDIX B2:
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The Thorium Report Committee was gi
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Foreword energy area. The price vol
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1. EXECUTIVE SUMMARY Executive Summ
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Radiation Protection of Man and the
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Executive Summary nuclear engineeri
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Introduction In the context of such
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2.3 The EU Situation Introduction T
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Oil, Gas, NGL, Condensate (Million
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TWh 160 150 140 130 120 110 100 90
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Figure 2.8: Number of Operating Rea
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Tonnes 1 200 000 1 000 000 800 000
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US $ / kg UF 6 160 140 120 100 80 6
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2.8 Worldwide Activities on Thorium
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1. Alkaline complexes and their peg
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Thorium Resources in Norway The tho
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Thorium Resources in Norway The pot
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Thorium Resources in Norway A serie
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4.1.1 Mining and Extraction The Fro
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The Front End of the Thorium Fuel C
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The Front End of the Thorium Fuel C
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4.3.2 HTGR Fuel Performance The Fro
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5.1 Properties of the Fertile Mater
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Nuclear Reactors for Thorium Table
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5.3.1 Light Water Reactor (LWR) Nuc
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Nuclear Reactors for Thorium 2. Cyc
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5.3.2.4 Gas Turbine-Modular Helium
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Figure 5.7: General Layout of the A
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5.4.2 Generation IV Reactors Nuclea
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Nuclear Reactors for Thorium econom
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Nuclear Reactors for Thorium • Ad
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Nuclear Reactors for Thorium temper
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Nuclear Reactors for Thorium Figure
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Nuclear Reactors for Thorium the de
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Nuclear Reactors for Thorium remova
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Nuclear Reactors for Thorium result
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The most important drawbacks of the
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Nuclear Reactors for Thorium mater
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6. THE BACK END OF THE THORIUM FUEL
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The Back End of the Thorium Fuel Cy
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Page 97 and 98: 8. REGULATION The use of thorium as
Page 99 and 100: • Safety, security and emergency
Page 101 and 102: Regulation • The Agreement betwee
Page 103 and 104: Non-proliferation Nations with secu
Page 105 and 106: Economical Aspects conventional rea
Page 107 and 108: 11. Radioecology 12. Decommissionin
Page 109 and 110: Research, Development, Education an
Page 117 and 118: Conclusions and Recommendations tho
Page 119 and 120: 13. APPENDIX A: INTRODUCTION TO NUC
Page 121 and 122: 14. APPENDIX B: NUCLEAR REACTOR TEC
Page 123 and 124: Figure 14.3: Boiling Water Reactor
Page 125 and 126: Appendix B: Nuclear Reactor Technol
Page 127 and 128: Table 15.1: The Current Course Pack
Page 129 and 130: • N12 Reactor Thermal Hydraulics,
Page 131 and 132: 16. APPENDIX D: RADIATION PROTECTIO
Page 133 and 134: Regulations on Radiation Protection
Page 135 and 136: ”Section 4. (Licence for nuclear
Page 137 and 138: 2. Dues shall be paid for the super
Page 139 and 140: use the best available technology s
Page 141 and 142: Summary: Legislation that is or may
Page 143 and 144: 216 Po α 0.145 s 6.906 (805) 212 P
Page 145 and 146: 18. ACRONYMS AND ABBREVIATIONS Acro
Page 147: Po polonium Po-208 polonium-208 Po-
Page 151 and 152: References [35] J.D. SEASE et al.,
Page 153 and 154: References [68] E. Merle-Lucotte, D
Page 155 and 156: References [97] "On-going activites
Page 157 and 158: References [122] L. CINOTTI, “Inh
Page 159 and 160: References [149] M. Crick, UNSCEAR,
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