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Thorium as an Energy Source - Opportunities for Norway [18] “The Status of Thorium-Based Options, New Aspects and Incentives for the Application”, Technical Report, International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA), Vienna, Austria, 1996. [19] “Thorium Based Fuel Options for the Generation of Electricity: Developments in the 1990’s”, Technical Report IAEA-TECDOC-1155, International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA), Vienna, Austria, 2000. [20] “Thorium Fuel Utilization: Options and Trends”, Technical Report IAEA-TECDOC-1319, International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA), Vienna, Austria, 2002. [21] ALLEN, Gmelin Handbook, Thorium Supplement, Vol. A3 1988. [22] H.W. KIRBY, “History of Thorium”, Gmelin Handbook, Thorium Supplement, Vol. A2 1988. [23] W.A. GABBARD, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, 1995. [24] “Recovery of Thorium from Ores”, Gmelin Handbook, Thorium Supplement, Vol. A2 1988. [25] V.S. KENI, “Extraction and Refining of Thorium”, BARC, Proceedings of Indo-Japan Seminar on Thorium Utilization, Bombay, India, 1990. [26] R. VIJAYARAGHAVAN, “Production and Fabrication of Thorium Fuels at BARC”, BARC, Proceedings of Indo-Japan Seminar on Thorium Utilization, Bombay, India, 1990. [27] M. PEEHS, W. DOERR, M. HROVAT, “Development of a Pelletized (Th,U)O2-fuel for LWR- Application”, Technical Report IAEA-TECDOC-352, International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA), Vienna, Austria, 1985. [28] P.E. HART et al., “ThO2-Based Pellet Fuels – Their Properties, Methods of Fabrication, and Irradiation Performance: A Critical Assessment of the State of the Technology and Recommendations for Further Work”, Technical Report PNL-3134, Battelle Pacific Northwest Laboratory, Richland, Washington, USA, 1979. [29] R.B. MATTHEWS, P.E. HART, “Hybrid Pellets: An Improved Concept for Fabrication of Nuclear Fuel”, Technical Report PNL-3134, Battelle Pacific Northwest Laboratory, Richland, Washington, USA, 1979. [30] R.B. MATTHEWS, N.C. DAVIS, “Fabrication of ThO2 and ThO2-UO2 Pellets for Proliferation Resistant Fuels”, Technical Report PNL-3210, Battelle Pacific Northwest Laboratory, Richland, Washington, USA, 1979. [31] R.B. MATTHEWS, P.E. HART, “Nuclear Fuel Pellets Fabricated from Gel-Derived Microspheres”, J.Nucl.Mater. ISSN 0022-3115 v. 92 (2/3), p. 207-206, Battelle Pacific Northwest Laboratories, Richland, Washington, USA, 1980. [32] S.M. TIEGS et al., “Sphere-Cal Process: Fabrication of Fuel Pellets from Gel Microspheres”, Technical Report ORNL/TM-6906, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, TN (USA), 1979. [33] C. GANGULY et al., “Sol-Gel Microsphere Pelletization Process for Fabricationof High- Density ThO2-2%UO2 Fuel for Advanced Pressurized Heavy Water Reactors”, Nucl. Technol. ISSN 0029-5450, v. 73 (1), p. 84-85, 1986. [34] R.E. BROOKSBANK et al., “The impact of KILOROD Facility Operational Experience on the Design of Fabrication Plants for U-233/Th fuels”, 2 nd Int. Symp. On the Thorium Fuel Cycle, Gatlinburg, TN (USA), 1966. 140
References [35] J.D. SEASE et al., “Remote Fabrication of Thorium Fuels”, 2 nd Int. Symp. On the Thorium Fuel Cycle, Gatlinburg, TN (USA), 1966. [36] G. SCHILEO, “An Unshielded Pilot plant for Recycling U-233”, Babcock and Wilcox, 2 nd Int. Symp. On the Thorium Fuel Cycle, Gatlinburg, TN (USA), 1966. [37] G. ORSENIGO, S. CAMBI, “Progress on the PCUT Program”, 2 nd Int. Symp. On the Thorium Fuel Cycle, Gatlinburg, TN (USA), 1966. [38] A.R. OLSEN, J.H. COOBS, J.W. ULLMAN, “Current Status of Irradiation Testing of Thorium Fuels at Oak Ridge National Laboratory”, 2 nd Int. Symp. On the Thorium Fuel Cycle, Gatlinburg, TN (USA), 1966. [39] C.J. BAROCH, W.N. BISHOP, “Performance of ThO2-UO2 Fuel in Indian Point Reactor”, Trans. Am. Nucl. Soc. 11, pp. 494, CONF-681 101, 1968. [40] G. KJAERHEIM, E. ROLSTAD, “In-Core Study of Fuel/Clad Interaction and Fuel Centre Temperature”, HPR-107, 1969. [41] J.E. MCCAULEY, “Irradiation-Induced Structural Changes Obtained in ThO2-UO2 Fuel”, Trans. Am. Nucl. Soc. 13, pp. 35-36, 1979 References Chapter 5: [42] N.L. SHAPIRO et al., "Assessment of Thorium Fuel Cycles in Pressurized Water Reactors." EPRI NP-359, prepared for EPRI by C-E Power Systems, February 1977. [43] M. LUNG AND O. GREMM, "Perspectives on the Thorium Fuel Cycle." Nucl.Eng.Des. 180, 130- 146, 1998. [44] H. NICKEL et al , “Long time experience with the development of HTR fuel elements in Germany”, Nuclear Engineering and Design, Volume 217, Issues 1-2, August 2002, Pages 141-151. [45] W.C. SCHICK, JR. et al., "Proof of Breeding In the Light Water Breeder Reactor." WAPD-1612, Bettis Atomic Power Laboratory, September 1987. [46] S. GLASSTONE AND A. SESONKE, "Nuclear Reactor Engineering." 3rd Edition, Van Nostrand, 1981.INFCE, "Advanced Nuclear Fuel Cycle Evaluation." Report of Group 8 of International Nuclear Fuel Cycle Evaluation, IAEA, 1980. [47] INFCE, "Advanced Nuclear Fuel Cycle Evaluation." Report of Group 8 of International Nuclear Fuel Cycle Evaluation, IAEA, 1980. [48] K. Kuegler, N. Pöppe, S. Jühe, O. Schitthelm: Use of Thorium in the nuclear technology – experiences in Germany. Report RWTH Aachen University (Sept. 2007). [49] J. Engelhard: Abschlussbericht über die Errichtung und den Anfahrbetrieb des AVR- Atomversuchskraftwerks: K72-23 (Dez. 1972). [50] H. Knüfer: Preliminary operating experiences with the AVR as an average hot gas temperature of 950°C; Nuclear Engineering and Design 34 (1975). [51] E. Ziermann: AVR-Experience; International Atomic Energy Agency, Jülich (Oktober 1986). 141
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2008 THORIUM AS AN ENERGY SOURCE -
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TABLE OF CONTENTS Table of Contents
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Table of Contents 14.2 APPENDIX B2:
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The Thorium Report Committee was gi
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Foreword energy area. The price vol
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1. EXECUTIVE SUMMARY Executive Summ
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Radiation Protection of Man and the
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Executive Summary nuclear engineeri
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Introduction In the context of such
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2.3 The EU Situation Introduction T
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Oil, Gas, NGL, Condensate (Million
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TWh 160 150 140 130 120 110 100 90
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Figure 2.8: Number of Operating Rea
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Tonnes 1 200 000 1 000 000 800 000
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US $ / kg UF 6 160 140 120 100 80 6
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2.8 Worldwide Activities on Thorium
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1. Alkaline complexes and their peg
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Thorium Resources in Norway The tho
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Thorium Resources in Norway The pot
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Thorium Resources in Norway A serie
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4.1.1 Mining and Extraction The Fro
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The Front End of the Thorium Fuel C
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The Front End of the Thorium Fuel C
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4.3.2 HTGR Fuel Performance The Fro
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5.1 Properties of the Fertile Mater
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Nuclear Reactors for Thorium Table
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5.3.1 Light Water Reactor (LWR) Nuc
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Nuclear Reactors for Thorium 2. Cyc
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5.3.2.4 Gas Turbine-Modular Helium
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Figure 5.7: General Layout of the A
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5.4.2 Generation IV Reactors Nuclea
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Nuclear Reactors for Thorium econom
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Nuclear Reactors for Thorium • Ad
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Nuclear Reactors for Thorium temper
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Nuclear Reactors for Thorium Figure
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Nuclear Reactors for Thorium the de
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Nuclear Reactors for Thorium remova
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Nuclear Reactors for Thorium result
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The most important drawbacks of the
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Nuclear Reactors for Thorium mater
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6. THE BACK END OF THE THORIUM FUEL
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The Back End of the Thorium Fuel Cy
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8. REGULATION The use of thorium as
Page 99 and 100: • Safety, security and emergency
Page 101 and 102: Regulation • The Agreement betwee
Page 103 and 104: Non-proliferation Nations with secu
Page 105 and 106: Economical Aspects conventional rea
Page 107 and 108: 11. Radioecology 12. Decommissionin
Page 109 and 110: Research, Development, Education an
Page 117 and 118: Conclusions and Recommendations tho
Page 119 and 120: 13. APPENDIX A: INTRODUCTION TO NUC
Page 121 and 122: 14. APPENDIX B: NUCLEAR REACTOR TEC
Page 123 and 124: Figure 14.3: Boiling Water Reactor
Page 125 and 126: Appendix B: Nuclear Reactor Technol
Page 127 and 128: Table 15.1: The Current Course Pack
Page 129 and 130: • N12 Reactor Thermal Hydraulics,
Page 131 and 132: 16. APPENDIX D: RADIATION PROTECTIO
Page 133 and 134: Regulations on Radiation Protection
Page 135 and 136: ”Section 4. (Licence for nuclear
Page 137 and 138: 2. Dues shall be paid for the super
Page 139 and 140: use the best available technology s
Page 141 and 142: Summary: Legislation that is or may
Page 143 and 144: 216 Po α 0.145 s 6.906 (805) 212 P
Page 145 and 146: 18. ACRONYMS AND ABBREVIATIONS Acro
Page 147 and 148: Po polonium Po-208 polonium-208 Po-
Page 149: 19. REFERENCES References Chapter 2
Page 153 and 154: References [68] E. Merle-Lucotte, D
Page 155 and 156: References [97] "On-going activites
Page 157 and 158: References [122] L. CINOTTI, “Inh
Page 159 and 160: References [149] M. Crick, UNSCEAR,
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