THESIS

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GENETIC DIVERSITY IN THE SOUTHEAST ASIAN SOLANUM INTRODUCTION Solanum is the largest and the most complex genus of the Solanaceae family. It is composed of more than 1,500 species (Esmonds and Chweya, 1997). The best known species and the most economically important in term of production volume is eggplant (S. melongena). It is domesticated in the Indo-Burmese region and cultivated nowadays all over the world (Daunay et al., 2000). Cultivation of S. melongena or wild relatives are covering a wide range of Solanum species (mainly subgenus Leptostemonum). The geographical origin of Solanum is mainly in Asia and Africa. Although Solanum species are grown everywhere, the main cultivation area is in the tropical and warm regions. Specifically, the centers of diversity are in South America, Australia and Africa, while relatively less diverse species are found in Europe and Asia (Esmonds and Chweya, 1997). However, S. melongena is mainly cultivated in Asia (Daunay et al., 1995). In addition, more than 90 % of the world’s S. melongena is produced in Asia like China, with 54 % of supply (12 million ton) followed by India (6 million ton) and Turkey (850,000 ton). In contrast, Thailand produces only 0.7 % of the world’s S. melongena crop (FAO, 2006). At present, the primitive cultivars of S. melongena are still in Asian countries, but not preferable by consumers especially in Indonesia, Philippines, Thailand and Malaysia, due to the used of high yielding varieties (Daunay et al., 1995). In 1977, S. melongena was added to the list of species having priority for genetic resources conservation (Daunay et al., 1995). Therefore, several prospecting expeditions, sponsored by International Board for Plant Genetic Resources (IBPGR), were conducted in Asia and Africa (Lester, 1986).
Asian Vegetable Research and Development Center (AVRDC) - The World Vegetable Center also maintains a S. melongena germplasm for crop improvement program and other research purposes. In 2006, there are 3,096 accessions, including 1,777 accessions of S. melongena and 1,319 accessions of other Solanum species. To date, a total of 870 accessions have been regenerated. AVRDC’s collections of vegetable germplasm, as well as S. melongena collection, are conserved in the Genetic Resources and Seed Unit (GRSU) which houses as the genebank. GRSU is also responsible for the regeneration, characterization, evaluation and distribution of vegetable germplasm. Moreover, many reports have been studied on the genetic diversity but information of wild species of Solanum spp. is still lacking and divergence is usually related to adaptation to different geographical areas or climates or different ecological habitats. In the process of adaptation, populations may become genetically distinct (Webb et al., 1988). The availability of information on the taxonomic status and the geographic origin of germplasm accessions is a vital prerequisite for both the conservation and effective utilization of plant genetic resources. Therefore, morphological and genetic relationship is being employed in the genetic characterization of species. The use of morphological characteristics is considered as the most classical because it only uses the external characters of the individuals to determine genetic variability. These are also a powerful tool which could yield significant information enhancing the use of germplasm in crop improvement programs. Interspecific hybridization can exhibit evolutionary path; the closely related species have high possibility of success in crossing. Additionally, the experiments on crossability of S. melongena with its wild relatives have been attempted and new approaches, such as somaclonal variation, somatic hybridization and genetic transformation, have been investigated for induction of genetic variability. 2
Page 1: THESIS GENETIC DIVERSITY IN THE SOU
Page 5 and 6: ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I would like to ex
Page 7 and 8: LIST OF TABLES Table Page 1 Ninety
Page 9 and 10: LIST OF FIGURES Figure Page 1 Selec
Page 11 and 12: LIST OF FIGURES (Continued) Figure
Page 13 and 14: LIST OF FIGURES (Continued) Appendi
Page 15: LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS cm = centimet
Page 19 and 20: OBJECTIVES 1. To characterize using
Page 21 and 22: campanulate, rotate or copular, mos
Page 23 and 24: Moreover, genetic diversity has an
Page 25 and 26: Therefore, germplasm characterizati
Page 27 and 28: some degree from each other and the
Page 29 and 30: Interspecific hybrids between wild
Page 31 and 32: Moreover, lines of S. melongena sho
Page 33 and 34: (qualitative) traits. The cluster a
Page 35 and 36: Plots of the clustering statistics
Page 37 and 38: Table 1 (Continued) Temporary No. S
Page 39 and 40: 2. Genetic relationships of Solanum
Page 41 and 42: pollen grains from randomly selecte
Page 43 and 44: RESULTS AND DISCUSSION In this stud
Page 45 and 46: Furthermore, TS02950 collected in C
Page 47 and 48: distinct from those species. Fruit
Page 49 and 50: yellow and globose. While, TS001447
Page 51 and 52: Table 4 Identification of 43 access
Page 53 and 54: Table 5 Re-identification of 5 acce
Page 55 and 56: accessions, hence, considered to ha
Page 57 and 58: Figure 1 Selected items from PROC U
Page 59 and 60: Table 7 Correlation coefficients sc
Page 61 and 62: N a m e o f V a r i a b l e o r C l
Page 63 and 64: 1.2.2 Cluster analysis I. Ratio sca
Page 65 and 66: P S E U D O F S T A T I S T I C Sto
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C U B I C C L U S T E R I N G C R I
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Table 9 Accessions number of Solanu
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Table 9 (Continued) Cluster Subclus
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Stratifying the accessions into 10
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(single fruit). It has also the wid
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were collected in Laos, while S. ma
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II. Nominal traits (qualitative tra
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Table 11 (Continued) Nominal traits
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The similarity coefficient values (
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(3 accessions). Subclaster A is cha
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8 6 4 Figure 7 Cluster analysis of
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Table 12 (Continued) Cluster Subclu
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However, the determination of the m
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This result is in agreement with th
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herbicide (atrazine) resistant trai
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3) Cross - compatibility among S. a
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when the larger-flowered species we
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Table 14 Interspecific crossability
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Table 15 Interspecific crossability
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Table 17 Intra- and interspecific c
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Table 18 (Continued) Cross combinat
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A B C D E F G H Figure 8 The hybrid
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Figure 10 F1 hybrid plant from S. m
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Confirmation of interspecific hybri
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However, pollen fertility of the in
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Table 19 The pollen fertility of F1
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Table 21 (Continued) Species Access
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S00860) showed a same ploidy level
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Moreover, an accurate determination
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S. americanum (S00269) (2n) S. amer
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S. villosum (S00854) (4n) S. villos
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S. villosum (S00860) (4n) S. villos
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Moreover, the crosses between S. am
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S. melongena (S00625) S. melongena
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S. melongena (S00809) F1 S. villosu
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S. americanum (S00861) S. americanu
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S. americanum (S00269) S. americanu
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S. villosum (TS02600) F1 S. villosu
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S. villosum (S00854) F1 S. american
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S. nigrum (TS02930) F1 S. americanu
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132 For the interspecific crossing
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S. nigrum). For the interspecific c
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, and M. Ahmand.1989. Morphological
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138 Collonnier, C., I. Fock, V. Kas
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and J.A. Chweya. 1997. Black Nights
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and . 1988b. Organelle composition
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Laban, J.C.G. 2003. Genetic Diversi
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spinous Solanums. Theoret. Appl. Ge
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Singh, J. and M. Rai. 2005. Eggplan
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APPENDICES 150
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SEEDLING DATA AVRDC-GRSU CHARACTERI
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S300 Leaf blade tip angle 1 = Very
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S530 Fruit length/breadth ratio 1 =
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S640 Fruit calyx length (N=10) ____
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Appendix Table A1 Characterization
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Appendix Table A1 (Continued) Tempo
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Appendix Table A4 List of morpholog
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Appendix Figure A2 Morphological ch
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Appendix Figure A8 Morphological ch
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Appendix B Identification of specie
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Moments N 91 Sum Weights 91 Mean 7.
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Moment N 91 Sum Weights 91 Mean 101
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Moments N 91 Sum Weights 91 Mean 10
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THESIS

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