(EU) and the Common Market of the South (MERCOSUR)? - FDCL
(EU) and the Common Market of the South (MERCOSUR)? - FDCL
(EU) and the Common Market of the South (MERCOSUR)? - FDCL
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32<br />
2.1 Foreign direct investment:<br />
An opportunity for development <strong>and</strong> human rights?<br />
Foreign investment by definition can be split up into portfolio-investment <strong>and</strong><br />
direct investment. Foreign portfolio-investment is defined as capital investment like<br />
bonds, stocks, investment-fund shares, etc., made from abroad, such that due to its<br />
minority share (less than 10% <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> total value) it has no substantial influence on <strong>the</strong><br />
management or <strong>the</strong> company as a whole. Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) is defined<br />
by <strong>the</strong> United Nations Conference on Trade <strong>and</strong> Development (UNCTAD) as:<br />
“[...] an investment involving a long-term relationship <strong>and</strong> reflecting a lasting<br />
interest <strong>and</strong> control by a resident entity in one economy (foreign direct investor<br />
or parent enterprise) in an enterprise resident in an economy o<strong>the</strong>r than that<br />
<strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> foreign direct investor (FDI enterprise or affiliate enterprise or foreign affiliate).<br />
FDI implies that <strong>the</strong> investor exerts a significant degree <strong>of</strong> influence on<br />
<strong>the</strong> management <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> enterprise resident in <strong>the</strong> o<strong>the</strong>r economy. [...] FDI may<br />
be undertaken by individuals as well as business entities.” 57<br />
Foreign Direct Investment Flows, 58 are defined by <strong>the</strong> UNCTAD as:<br />
“Flows <strong>of</strong> FDI comprises capital provided (ei<strong>the</strong>r directly or through o<strong>the</strong>r related<br />
enterprises) by a foreign direct investor to an FDI enterprise, or capital<br />
received from an FDI enterprise by a foreign direct investor. FDI has three components:<br />
equity capital, reinvested earnings <strong>and</strong> intra-company loans.” 59<br />
Foreign Direct Investment Stock 60 is defined as:<br />
“FDI stock is <strong>the</strong> value <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> share <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong>ir capital <strong>and</strong> reserves (including retained<br />
pr<strong>of</strong>its) attributable to <strong>the</strong> parent enterprise, plus <strong>the</strong> net indebtedness<br />
<strong>of</strong> affiliates to <strong>the</strong> parent enterprise.” 61<br />
Fur<strong>the</strong>rmore, a distinction can be made between a so-called Greenfield-Investment,<br />
i.e., <strong>the</strong> realization <strong>of</strong> a new investment, <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong> area <strong>of</strong> Mergers <strong>and</strong> Acquisitions<br />
(M&A), which refers to take-overs <strong>of</strong> already existing investments. According to<br />
KPMG Corporate Finance, <strong>the</strong> value <strong>of</strong> global company transactions fell by almost<br />
57 United Nations Conference on Trade <strong>and</strong> Development (UNCTAD): World Investment Report 2003 - FDI Policies for<br />
Development: National <strong>and</strong> International Prespectives, New York/Geneva 2003, p. 231.<br />
58 Abbreviation: FDI-Flows.<br />
59 United Nations Conference on Trade <strong>and</strong> Development (UNCTAD): World Investment Report 2003 - FDI Policies for<br />
Development: National <strong>and</strong> International Prespectives, New York/Geneva 2003, p. 231.<br />
60 Abbreviation: FDI-Stock.<br />
61 United Nations Conference on Trade <strong>and</strong> Development (UNCTAD): World Investment Report 2003 - FDI Policies for<br />
Development: National <strong>and</strong> International Prespectives, New York/Geneva 2003, p. 232.