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2.4.4 Fluorescence measurements ................................................................................... 52
2.4.4 HPLC measurements ................................................................................................ 52
2.4.5 PCR amplification ..................................................................................................... 52
2.5 References ............................................................................................................... 53
Chapter 3 A new class of Chiral PNAs: Arginine PNAs ........................................................ 55
3.1 Introduction ............................................................................................................ 56
3.2 Results and Discussion ............................................................................................. 57
3.2.1 Sequence Design ...................................................................................................... 57
3.2.2 PNA synthesis ........................................................................................................... 58
3.2.3 Selectivity of binding ................................................................................................ 61
3.3 Conclusions ............................................................................................................. 63
3.4 Experimental Section ............................................................................................... 63
3.4.1 Materials and Reagents ........................................................................................... 63
3.4.2 Chemical Synthesis ................................................................................................... 64
3.4.3 PNA synthesis ........................................................................................................... 70
3.4.4 Melting temperature measurements ...................................................................... 71
3.5 References ............................................................................................................... 72
Chapter 4 Chiral PNA application on surface: Arginine‐based PNA microarrays for ApoE
genotyping ....................................................................................................................... 73
4.1 Introduction ............................................................................................................ 74
4.2 Results and Discussion ............................................................................................. 77
4.2.1 Design and synthesis of modified chiral PNA probes .............................................. 77
4.2.2 DNA recognition by PNA probes in solution ............................................................ 80
4.2.3 PNA spotting on the array platform ........................................................................ 80
4.2.4 Oligonucleotide hybridization .................................................................................. 82
4.3 Conclusions ............................................................................................................. 84
4.4 Experimental Section ............................................................................................... 85
4.4.1 Materials and reagents ............................................................................................ 85