Download (3398Kb) - ePrints Soton - University of Southampton

More documents

Recommendations

Info

strategy described by Winemiller and Rose (1992) and appear to be related to environmental and population conditions. They possess small body size and low fecundity per spawning event, and aseasonal reproduction with probably multiple spawning frequency, although their large egg size probably follows the general trend in cold waters in order to provide the larvae with energy sufficient for a high survival probability. The opportunistic strategists are distinctive of highly disturbed and unpredictable environments (Winemiller and Rose, 1992; McCann and Shuter, 1997). The zone between 1100 and 3000 m coincides with the transitional zone proposed by Howell et al., (2002) where boundaries at 2500, 2800 and 3300 m are thought to demonstrate a region of transition between bathyal and abyssal fauna. This region of pronounced faunal change occurs at ~2500 m where bathyal fauna meet, and overlap with, abyssal fauna. Previous studies have found this overlap in other megafaunal taxa (Vinogradova et al., 1959, Hansen, 1975; Billett, 1991). Vinogradova et al. (1959) claimed this boundary is a well-defined intermediate region at a depth of 2500-3500 m, and they noted the disappearance of large numbers of species at around 3300 m, as well as entire taxonomic groups, to be replaced by a large number of new species, genera and families pertaining only to ocean depths greater than 3000 m. Within an evolutionary context, bathyal species are likely to have a mixed origin, with some species from the shelf and some originating from abyssal depths (Rogers, 2000). Data for the temperature and pressure effects on the later stages of development of the shallow water asteroids Asterias rubens Linnaeus and Marthasterias glacialis (Linnaeus) (Chapter 3, section 3.3.2 this thesis) show that all the developmental stages have a potentially wider depth distribution than their respective adults. Therefore, the larvae of shallow water species could survive 89
transport to deeper waters and some of these species might have been capable of sending colonists to the deep sea. Fig. 6. Lagrangian track (red) from Celtic Sea to west of Norway of a drogued buoy from the programme Argos, covering from 4 th November 1995 to 22 nd June 1996. (Figure taken from Pingree et al., 1999). 90
Page 1 and 2:
University of Southampton Research
Page 3 and 4:
Graduate School of the National Oce
Page 5 and 6:
UNIVERSITY OF SOUTHAMPTON ABSTRACT
Page 7 and 8:
Marthasterias glacialis (ECHINODERM
Page 9 and 10:
Acknowledgments I know everybody sa
Page 11 and 12:
Prière de l’étoile de mer Seign
Page 13 and 14:
species of asteroid Patiriella para
Page 15 and 16:
embryonic tolerances could determin
Page 17 and 18:
dispersed over great distances and
Page 19 and 20:
lecithotrophic development. The pre
Page 21 and 22:
al., 1997). In a review (Vrijenhoek
Page 23 and 24:
Although larval dispersal and settl
Page 25 and 26:
larvae of shallow water echinoids f
Page 27 and 28:
few hours, whereas other species su
Page 29 and 30:
een defined as a unique sequence of
Page 31 and 32:
therefore a developing form may wel
Page 33 and 34:
adults” that have the definitive
Page 35 and 36:
The dipleurula is the hypothetical
Page 37 and 38:
among tunicate tadpoles, sponge and
Page 39 and 40:
Fig.2.4. Bipinnaria larvae of the a
Page 41 and 42:
In marine invertebrates there is a
Page 43 and 44:
independent of habitat or mode of n
Page 45 and 46:
whether juveniles derived from larv
Page 47 and 48:
and the northern Mediterranean have
Page 49 and 50:
Wares (2001) performed phylogenetic
Page 51 and 52: Fig. 3.2. A. Marthasterias glaciali
Page 53 and 54: 3.2.2- Temperature/pressure effects
Page 55 and 56: Pressure was applied using an Enerp
Page 57 and 58: Fig. 3.7. Bippinaria larvae of Mart
Page 59 and 60: X Data were abnormal. At 150 and 20
Page 61 and 62: X Data all the embryos were abnorma
Page 63 and 64: X Data blastulae, at 200atm 90% of
Page 65 and 66: 50atm more than 90% of embryos were
Page 67 and 68: Those data (Young et al., 1997; Ped
Page 69 and 70: Percentage of individuals swimming
Page 71 and 72: that settling invertebrate larvae d
Page 73 and 74: CHAPTER FOUR- REPRODUCTIVE FEATURES
Page 75 and 76: In 1973, Vance proposed a theoretic
Page 77 and 78: Species Volume Energy Dev Class Ref
Page 79 and 80: 4.1.2- Body Size The reproductive o
Page 81: Species Depth of max. Depth range (
Page 84 and 85: arm, and the minor radius (r), from
Page 86 and 87: From Eqs.1 and 3 we obtain the esti
Page 88 and 89: Data on maximum body size, maximum
Page 90 and 91: 250 200 Body size (mm) 150 100 50 0
Page 92 and 93: Fig. 4.7. Hierarchical cluster anal
Page 94 and 95: (Hymenaster membranaceus Thomson).
Page 96 and 97: gamete production at low population
Page 98 and 99: varies depending on the vitellogeni
Page 100 and 101: size, high fecundity, small egg siz
Page 104 and 105: It seems that evolutionary features
Page 106 and 107: strategy stablished by the Winemill
Page 108 and 109: which normal embryonic/larval devel
Page 110 and 111: Larval dispersal from eight populat
Page 112 and 113: These results are very important si
Page 114 and 115: possibility. The opportunistic spec
Page 116 and 117: hypothesis that the Mesozoic and ea
Page 118 and 119: Barnes, H. and H.T. Powell. 1951. T
Page 120 and 121: Chester, C.M. 1996. The effect of a
Page 122 and 123: Crisp, D.J. 1978. Genetic consequen
Page 124 and 125: David, B., A. Guille, J-P. Féral a
Page 126 and 127: Grant, A. 1983. On the evolution of
Page 128 and 129: Inaba, D. 1934. On some holothurian
Page 130 and 131: of the 6 th International Echinoder
Page 132 and 133: Lieberkind, I. 1926. Ctenodiscus au
Page 134 and 135: McEdward, L.R. and S.F. Carson. 198
Page 136 and 137: Minchin, D. 1987. Sea-water tempera
Page 138 and 139: Pawson, D.L. 1976. Some aspects of
Page 140 and 141: Pingree. R.D., B. Sinha and C.R. Gr
Page 142 and 143: Savidge, G., H.J. Lennon, and A.D.
Page 144 and 145: Shilling, F.M. and D.T. Manahan. 19
Page 146 and 147: Turner, R.L. and J.M. Lawrence. 197
Page 148 and 149: Vickery, M.S. and J.B. McClintock 2
Page 150 and 151: (Eds.): Reproduction Genetics and D
show all

Download (3398Kb) - ePrints Soton - University of Southampton

You also want an ePaper? Increase the reach of your titles

Delete template?

Save as template?