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Lieberkind, I. 1926. Ctenodiscus australis Lütken. A brood-protection asteroid. Vid. Medd. Dansk. Hist. Foren. 82: 184-196. Linton, D.L. and G.L. Thagan. 2000. Feeding, growth and fecundity of Capitella sp. I in relation to sediment organic concentration. Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser. 205: 229- 240. Lonsdale, D.J. and J.S. Levinton. 1986. Growth rate and reproductive differences in a widespread estuarine harpacticoid copepod (Scottolana canadiensis) Mar. Biol. 91: 231-237. Lonsdale, D.J. and J.S. Levinton. 1989. Energy budgets of latitudinally separated Scottolana canadiensis (Copepoda: Harpacticoida). Linmnol. Oceanogr.. 34: 324- 331. McArthur, R.H. and E.O. Wilson. 1967. Theory of Island Biogeography. Princeton University Press. Princeton. McBride, E.W. 1914. Textbook of embryology. Volume I. Invertebrata. MacMillan, London. McBride, E.W. 1920. Echinodermata (Part II) and Enteropneusta. Brit. Antarct. Terr. Nov. Exp. 1910, Zool. 4(3): 83-94. McCann, K. and B. Shuter. 1997. Bioenergetics of life history strategies and the comparative allometry of reproduction. Canad. J. Fish. and Aquat. Scien. 54: 1289-1298. 119
McClary, D.J. and P.V. Mladenov. 1990. Brooding biology of the sea star Pteraster militaris (O.F. Müller): energetic and histological evidence for nutrient translocation to brooded juveniles. J. Exp. Mar. Biol. Ecol. 142: 183-199. McClintock, J.B. and J.S. Pearse. 1986. Organic and energetic content of eggs and juveniles of Antarctic echinoids and asteroids with lecithotrophic development. Comp. Biochem. Physiol. 85A (2): 341-345. McDonald, B. A. and R.J. Thompson. 1985a. Influence of temperature and food availability on the ecological energetics of the giant scallop Placopecten magellanicus. I. Growth rates of shell and somatic tissue. Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser. 25: 279-294. McDonald, B. A. and R.J. Thompson. 1985b. Influence of temperature and food availability on the ecological energetics of the giant scallop Placopecten magellanicus. II. Reproductive output and total production. Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser. 25: 295-303. McEdward, L.R. 1988. Experimental embryology as a tool for studying the evolution of echinoderms life histories, in Echinoderm phylogeny and Evolutionary Biology, C.R.C. Paul and A.B. Smith, Eds. Clarendon Press, Oxford. 189-196. McEdward, L.R. 1992. Morphology and development of a unique type of pelagic larva in the starfish Pteraster tesselatus (Echinodermata:Asteroidea). Biol. Bull. 182: 177-187. McEdward, L.R. 1997. Reproductive strategies of marine benthic invertebrates revisited: facultative feeding by planktotrophic larvae. Am. Nat. 150: 48-72. 120
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University of Southampton Research
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Graduate School of the National Oce
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UNIVERSITY OF SOUTHAMPTON ABSTRACT
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Marthasterias glacialis (ECHINODERM
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Acknowledgments I know everybody sa
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Prière de l’étoile de mer Seign
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species of asteroid Patiriella para
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embryonic tolerances could determin
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dispersed over great distances and
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lecithotrophic development. The pre
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al., 1997). In a review (Vrijenhoek
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Although larval dispersal and settl
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larvae of shallow water echinoids f
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few hours, whereas other species su
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een defined as a unique sequence of
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therefore a developing form may wel
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adults” that have the definitive
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The dipleurula is the hypothetical
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among tunicate tadpoles, sponge and
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Fig.2.4. Bipinnaria larvae of the a
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In marine invertebrates there is a
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independent of habitat or mode of n
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whether juveniles derived from larv
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and the northern Mediterranean have
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Wares (2001) performed phylogenetic
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Fig. 3.2. A. Marthasterias glaciali
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3.2.2- Temperature/pressure effects
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Pressure was applied using an Enerp
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Fig. 3.7. Bippinaria larvae of Mart
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X Data were abnormal. At 150 and 20
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X Data all the embryos were abnorma
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X Data blastulae, at 200atm 90% of
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50atm more than 90% of embryos were
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Those data (Young et al., 1997; Ped
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Percentage of individuals swimming
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that settling invertebrate larvae d
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CHAPTER FOUR- REPRODUCTIVE FEATURES
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In 1973, Vance proposed a theoretic
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Species Volume Energy Dev Class Ref
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4.1.2- Body Size The reproductive o
Page 81: Species Depth of max. Depth range (
Page 84 and 85: arm, and the minor radius (r), from
Page 86 and 87: From Eqs.1 and 3 we obtain the esti
Page 88 and 89: Data on maximum body size, maximum
Page 90 and 91: 250 200 Body size (mm) 150 100 50 0
Page 92 and 93: Fig. 4.7. Hierarchical cluster anal
Page 94 and 95: (Hymenaster membranaceus Thomson).
Page 96 and 97: gamete production at low population
Page 98 and 99: varies depending on the vitellogeni
Page 100 and 101: size, high fecundity, small egg siz
Page 102 and 103: strategy described by Winemiller an
Page 104 and 105: It seems that evolutionary features
Page 106 and 107: strategy stablished by the Winemill
Page 108 and 109: which normal embryonic/larval devel
Page 110 and 111: Larval dispersal from eight populat
Page 112 and 113: These results are very important si
Page 114 and 115: possibility. The opportunistic spec
Page 116 and 117: hypothesis that the Mesozoic and ea
Page 118 and 119: Barnes, H. and H.T. Powell. 1951. T
Page 120 and 121: Chester, C.M. 1996. The effect of a
Page 122 and 123: Crisp, D.J. 1978. Genetic consequen
Page 124 and 125: David, B., A. Guille, J-P. Féral a
Page 126 and 127: Grant, A. 1983. On the evolution of
Page 128 and 129: Inaba, D. 1934. On some holothurian
Page 130 and 131: of the 6 th International Echinoder
Page 134 and 135: McEdward, L.R. and S.F. Carson. 198
Page 136 and 137: Minchin, D. 1987. Sea-water tempera
Page 138 and 139: Pawson, D.L. 1976. Some aspects of
Page 140 and 141: Pingree. R.D., B. Sinha and C.R. Gr
Page 142 and 143: Savidge, G., H.J. Lennon, and A.D.
Page 144 and 145: Shilling, F.M. and D.T. Manahan. 19
Page 146 and 147: Turner, R.L. and J.M. Lawrence. 197
Page 148 and 149: Vickery, M.S. and J.B. McClintock 2
Page 150 and 151: (Eds.): Reproduction Genetics and D
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