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Inaba, D. 1934. On some holothurian larvae and young from New Guinea. Bull. Jap. Soc. Scient. Fish. 2(5): 213-216. Jaeckle, W.B. 1994. Multiple modes of asexual reproduction by tropical and subtropical sea star larvae: an unusual adaptation for gene dispersal and survival. Biol. Bull. 186: 62-71. Jackson, J.B.C. 1986. Modes of dispersal of clonal benthic invertebrates: consequences for species distribution and genetic structure of local populations. Bull. Mar. Sci. 39: 588-606. Jägersten, C. 1972. Evolution of the metazoan life cycle: a comprehensive life cycle. Academic Press, London. 282 pp. Jangoux, M. 1982. Food and feeding mechanisms: Asteroidea. In: Jangoux, M. J.M. Lawrence (Eds.), Echinoderm Nutrition. A.A. Balkema Publishers, Rotterdam, pp. 117-159. Jangoux, M. and M. Vloeberg 1973. Contribution a' l'e'tude du cycle annuel de reproduction d'une population d' Asterias rubens (Echinodermata: Asteroidea) du littoral Belge. Nether. J. Sea Res. 6: 389-408. Jónasdóttir, S.H. 1994. Effect of food quality on the reproductive success of Acartia tonsa and Acartia hudsonica: Laboratory observations. Mar. Biol. 121: 67-81. Kaufman, Z.S. 1968. The postembryonic period of development of some White Sea starfish. Dolk. Biol. Sci. 181: 507-510. Kanatani, H. 1969. Induction of spawning and oocyte maturation by 1-methyladenine in starfish. Exp. Cell Res. 57: 333-337. 115
Kautsky, N. 1982. Quantitative studies on gonad cycle, fecundity, reproductive output and recruitment in Baltic Mytilus edulis populations. Mar. Biol. 68: 143-160. Kelman D. and R.B. Emlet. 1999. Swimming and buoyancy in ontogenetic stages of the cushion star Pteraster tesselatus (Echinodermata:Asteroidea) and their implication for distribution and movement. Biol. Bull. 197 (3): 309-314. King, M.G. and A.J. Butler. 1985. Relationship of life-history patterns in deep-water caridean shrimps (Crustacea:Natantia). Mar. Biol. 86: 129-138. Kitazawa, C. and M. Komatsu. 2001. Larval development and asexual development of the sea star, Distolasterias nipon (Doderlein) In Echinoderms 2000 (M.F. Barker ed.) p. 177. Swets and Zeitlinger, Lisse, The Netherlands. Knorr, G. and Lohmann, G. 2003. Southern origin for the resumption of Atlantic thermohaline circulation during deglaciation. Nature 424: 532-536 Knott, K.E., E.J. Balser, W.B. Jaeckle and G.A. Wray. 2003. Identification of asteroid genera with species capable of larval cloning. Biol. Bull. 204: 246-255. Komatsu, M. 1975. On the development of the sea star, Astropecten latespinus Meissner. Biol. Bull. 148: 49-59. Komatsu, M. 1982. Development of the sea star, Ctenopleura fisheri. Mar. Biol. 66: 199-205 Komatsu, M. and S. Nojima 1985. Development of the sea star, Astropecten gisselbretchti Döderlein. Pac. Sci. 39: 274-282. Komatsu, M., M. Murase and C. Oguro 1988. Morphology of the barrel shaped larvae of the sea star, Astropecten latespinus. In Echinoderm Biology. Proceedings 116
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University of Southampton Research
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Graduate School of the National Oce
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UNIVERSITY OF SOUTHAMPTON ABSTRACT
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Marthasterias glacialis (ECHINODERM
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Acknowledgments I know everybody sa
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Prière de l’étoile de mer Seign
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species of asteroid Patiriella para
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embryonic tolerances could determin
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dispersed over great distances and
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lecithotrophic development. The pre
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al., 1997). In a review (Vrijenhoek
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Although larval dispersal and settl
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larvae of shallow water echinoids f
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few hours, whereas other species su
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een defined as a unique sequence of
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therefore a developing form may wel
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adults” that have the definitive
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The dipleurula is the hypothetical
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among tunicate tadpoles, sponge and
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Fig.2.4. Bipinnaria larvae of the a
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In marine invertebrates there is a
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independent of habitat or mode of n
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whether juveniles derived from larv
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and the northern Mediterranean have
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Wares (2001) performed phylogenetic
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Fig. 3.2. A. Marthasterias glaciali
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3.2.2- Temperature/pressure effects
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Pressure was applied using an Enerp
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Fig. 3.7. Bippinaria larvae of Mart
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X Data were abnormal. At 150 and 20
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X Data all the embryos were abnorma
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X Data blastulae, at 200atm 90% of
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50atm more than 90% of embryos were
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Those data (Young et al., 1997; Ped
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Percentage of individuals swimming
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that settling invertebrate larvae d
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CHAPTER FOUR- REPRODUCTIVE FEATURES
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In 1973, Vance proposed a theoretic
Page 77 and 78: Species Volume Energy Dev Class Ref
Page 79 and 80: 4.1.2- Body Size The reproductive o
Page 81: Species Depth of max. Depth range (
Page 84 and 85: arm, and the minor radius (r), from
Page 86 and 87: From Eqs.1 and 3 we obtain the esti
Page 88 and 89: Data on maximum body size, maximum
Page 90 and 91: 250 200 Body size (mm) 150 100 50 0
Page 92 and 93: Fig. 4.7. Hierarchical cluster anal
Page 94 and 95: (Hymenaster membranaceus Thomson).
Page 96 and 97: gamete production at low population
Page 98 and 99: varies depending on the vitellogeni
Page 100 and 101: size, high fecundity, small egg siz
Page 102 and 103: strategy described by Winemiller an
Page 104 and 105: It seems that evolutionary features
Page 106 and 107: strategy stablished by the Winemill
Page 108 and 109: which normal embryonic/larval devel
Page 110 and 111: Larval dispersal from eight populat
Page 112 and 113: These results are very important si
Page 114 and 115: possibility. The opportunistic spec
Page 116 and 117: hypothesis that the Mesozoic and ea
Page 118 and 119: Barnes, H. and H.T. Powell. 1951. T
Page 120 and 121: Chester, C.M. 1996. The effect of a
Page 122 and 123: Crisp, D.J. 1978. Genetic consequen
Page 124 and 125: David, B., A. Guille, J-P. Féral a
Page 126 and 127: Grant, A. 1983. On the evolution of
Page 130 and 131: of the 6 th International Echinoder
Page 132 and 133: Lieberkind, I. 1926. Ctenodiscus au
Page 134 and 135: McEdward, L.R. and S.F. Carson. 198
Page 136 and 137: Minchin, D. 1987. Sea-water tempera
Page 138 and 139: Pawson, D.L. 1976. Some aspects of
Page 140 and 141: Pingree. R.D., B. Sinha and C.R. Gr
Page 142 and 143: Savidge, G., H.J. Lennon, and A.D.
Page 144 and 145: Shilling, F.M. and D.T. Manahan. 19
Page 146 and 147: Turner, R.L. and J.M. Lawrence. 197
Page 148 and 149: Vickery, M.S. and J.B. McClintock 2
Page 150 and 151: (Eds.): Reproduction Genetics and D
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