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Shilling, F.M. and D.T. Manahan. 1994. Energy metabolism and amino acid transport during early development of Antarctic and temperate echinoderms. Biol. Bull. 187: 398-407. Slatkin, M. 1985. Gene flow in natural populations. Annu. Rev. Ecol. Syst. 16: 393- 430. Smethie, W.M., R.A. Fine, A. Putzka and P.E. Jones. 2000. Tracing the flow of North Atlantic Deep Water using chlorofluorocarbons. J. Geol. Res. 105 (6): 14297-14323. Spight, T. and J. Emlen. 1976. Clutch sizes of two marine snails with a changing food supply. Ecology 57: 1162-1178. Stoner, D.S. 1994. Larvae of a colonial ascidian use a noncontact mode of substratum selection on a coral-reef. Mar. Biol. 121: 319-326. Strathmann, R.R. 1985. Feeding and non-feeding larval development and life history evolution in marine invertebrates. Ann. Rev. Ecol. Syst. 16: 339-361. Strathmann, R.R. 1990. Why life histories evolve differently in the sea. Am. Zool. 30: 197-207. Strathmann, R.R. 1993. Hypotheses on the origins of marine larvae. Ann. Rev. Ecol. Syst. 24: 89-117. Strathmann, R.R. and K. Vedder. 1977. Size and organic content of eggs of echinoderms and other invertebrates as related to developmental strategies and egg eating. Mar. Biol. 39: 305-309. 131
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University of Southampton Research
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Graduate School of the National Oce
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UNIVERSITY OF SOUTHAMPTON ABSTRACT
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Marthasterias glacialis (ECHINODERM
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Acknowledgments I know everybody sa
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Prière de l’étoile de mer Seign
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species of asteroid Patiriella para
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embryonic tolerances could determin
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dispersed over great distances and
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lecithotrophic development. The pre
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al., 1997). In a review (Vrijenhoek
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Although larval dispersal and settl
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larvae of shallow water echinoids f
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few hours, whereas other species su
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een defined as a unique sequence of
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therefore a developing form may wel
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adults” that have the definitive
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The dipleurula is the hypothetical
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among tunicate tadpoles, sponge and
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Fig.2.4. Bipinnaria larvae of the a
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In marine invertebrates there is a
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independent of habitat or mode of n
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whether juveniles derived from larv
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and the northern Mediterranean have
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Wares (2001) performed phylogenetic
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Fig. 3.2. A. Marthasterias glaciali
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3.2.2- Temperature/pressure effects
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Pressure was applied using an Enerp
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Fig. 3.7. Bippinaria larvae of Mart
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X Data were abnormal. At 150 and 20
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X Data all the embryos were abnorma
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X Data blastulae, at 200atm 90% of
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50atm more than 90% of embryos were
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Those data (Young et al., 1997; Ped
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Percentage of individuals swimming
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that settling invertebrate larvae d
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CHAPTER FOUR- REPRODUCTIVE FEATURES
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In 1973, Vance proposed a theoretic
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Species Volume Energy Dev Class Ref
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4.1.2- Body Size The reproductive o
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Species Depth of max. Depth range (
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arm, and the minor radius (r), from
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From Eqs.1 and 3 we obtain the esti
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Data on maximum body size, maximum
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250 200 Body size (mm) 150 100 50 0
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Fig. 4.7. Hierarchical cluster anal
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Page 96 and 97: gamete production at low population
Page 98 and 99: varies depending on the vitellogeni
Page 100 and 101: size, high fecundity, small egg siz
Page 102 and 103: strategy described by Winemiller an
Page 104 and 105: It seems that evolutionary features
Page 106 and 107: strategy stablished by the Winemill
Page 108 and 109: which normal embryonic/larval devel
Page 110 and 111: Larval dispersal from eight populat
Page 112 and 113: These results are very important si
Page 114 and 115: possibility. The opportunistic spec
Page 116 and 117: hypothesis that the Mesozoic and ea
Page 118 and 119: Barnes, H. and H.T. Powell. 1951. T
Page 120 and 121: Chester, C.M. 1996. The effect of a
Page 122 and 123: Crisp, D.J. 1978. Genetic consequen
Page 124 and 125: David, B., A. Guille, J-P. Féral a
Page 126 and 127: Grant, A. 1983. On the evolution of
Page 128 and 129: Inaba, D. 1934. On some holothurian
Page 130 and 131: of the 6 th International Echinoder
Page 132 and 133: Lieberkind, I. 1926. Ctenodiscus au
Page 134 and 135: McEdward, L.R. and S.F. Carson. 198
Page 136 and 137: Minchin, D. 1987. Sea-water tempera
Page 138 and 139: Pawson, D.L. 1976. Some aspects of
Page 140 and 141: Pingree. R.D., B. Sinha and C.R. Gr
Page 142 and 143: Savidge, G., H.J. Lennon, and A.D.
Page 146 and 147: Turner, R.L. and J.M. Lawrence. 197
Page 148 and 149: Vickery, M.S. and J.B. McClintock 2
Page 150 and 151: (Eds.): Reproduction Genetics and D
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