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Savidge, G., H.J. Lennon, and A.D. Matthews. 1986. Ecological studies of southern Oman kelp communities. Part II. A shore base survey of oceanographic variables in the Dhofar region of southern Oman August-October 1985. Queens Univ. of Belfast, Mar. Biol. Sci. Rep. Sewell, M.A. and C.M. Young 1999. Temperature limits to fertilization and early development in the tropical sea urchin Echinometra lucunter. J. Exp. Mar. Biol. Ecol. 236: 291-305. Scheltema, R.S. 1966. Evidence for trans-Atlantic transport of gastropod larvae belonging to the genus Cymatium. Deepsea Res. 13: 83-95. Scheltema, R.S. 1968. Dispersal of larvae by equatorial currents and its importance to the zoogeography of shoal-water tropical species. Nature. 217: 1159-1168. Scheltema, R.S. 1971. The dispersal of the larvae of shoal-water benthic invertebrate species over long distances by ocean currents. In: Proceedings of the fourth European Marine Biology Symposium, Bangor 1969 (D.J. Crisp, ed.) pp. 7- 28. Cambridge University Press. Scheltema, R.S. 1972. Dispersal of larvae as a means of genetic exchange between widely separated populations of shoal-water benthic invertebrate species. In Proceedings of the Fifth European Marine Biology Symposium, Venice 1970 (B. Bataglia, ed.) pp.101-114. Padua & London Piccin Editore. Scheltema, R.S. (1986a). On dispersal and planktonic larvae of benthic invertebrates: an eclectic overview and summary of problems. Bull. Mar. Sci. 39: 290-322. 129
Scheltema, R.S. 1986b. Long distance dispersal by planktonic larvae of shallowwater benthic invertebrates among central Pacific islands. Bull. Mar. Sci. 39: 241- 256. Scheltema, R.S. 1988. Initial evidence for the transport of teleplanic larvae of benthic invertebrates across the East Pacific barrier. Biol. Bull. 174: 145-152. Scheltema, R.S. 1989. Planktonic and non-planktonic development among prosobranch gastropods and its relationship to the geographic range of species. In Proceedings of the 23rd European Marine Biology Symposium, (J.S. Ryland & P.A. Tyler, eds.) pp. 183-186. Denmark Olsen & Olsen. Scheltema, R.S. 1992. Passive dispersal of planktonic larvae and the biogeography of tropical sublittoral invertebrate species. In Marine Eutrophication and Population Dynamics, (G. Colombo et al., eds.) pp. 195-202. Denmark Olsen & Olsen. Scheltema, R.S. and J. R. Hall 1975. The dispersal of pelagosphaera larvae by ocean currents and the geographical distribution of sipunculans. In Proceedings of the International Symposium of Biology: Sipuncula and Echiura (M. E. Rice and T. Todorovic, eds.) pp. 103-115. National Museum of Natural History, Washington D.C. Scheltema, R.S. and A.H. Scheltema 1984. Larval dispersal and the geographic range among species of the bivalve family Pinnidae. Am. Zool. 24: 132 (Abstract). Scherle, W. 1970. A simple method for volumetry of organs in quantitative stereology. Mikroskopic Bb. 26: 57-60. 130
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University of Southampton Research
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Graduate School of the National Oce
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UNIVERSITY OF SOUTHAMPTON ABSTRACT
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Marthasterias glacialis (ECHINODERM
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Acknowledgments I know everybody sa
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Prière de l’étoile de mer Seign
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species of asteroid Patiriella para
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embryonic tolerances could determin
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dispersed over great distances and
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lecithotrophic development. The pre
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al., 1997). In a review (Vrijenhoek
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Although larval dispersal and settl
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larvae of shallow water echinoids f
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few hours, whereas other species su
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een defined as a unique sequence of
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therefore a developing form may wel
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adults” that have the definitive
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The dipleurula is the hypothetical
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among tunicate tadpoles, sponge and
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Fig.2.4. Bipinnaria larvae of the a
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In marine invertebrates there is a
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independent of habitat or mode of n
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whether juveniles derived from larv
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and the northern Mediterranean have
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Wares (2001) performed phylogenetic
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Fig. 3.2. A. Marthasterias glaciali
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3.2.2- Temperature/pressure effects
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Pressure was applied using an Enerp
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Fig. 3.7. Bippinaria larvae of Mart
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X Data were abnormal. At 150 and 20
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X Data all the embryos were abnorma
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X Data blastulae, at 200atm 90% of
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50atm more than 90% of embryos were
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Those data (Young et al., 1997; Ped
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Percentage of individuals swimming
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that settling invertebrate larvae d
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CHAPTER FOUR- REPRODUCTIVE FEATURES
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In 1973, Vance proposed a theoretic
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Species Volume Energy Dev Class Ref
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4.1.2- Body Size The reproductive o
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Species Depth of max. Depth range (
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arm, and the minor radius (r), from
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From Eqs.1 and 3 we obtain the esti
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Data on maximum body size, maximum
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250 200 Body size (mm) 150 100 50 0
Page 92 and 93: Fig. 4.7. Hierarchical cluster anal
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Page 96 and 97: gamete production at low population
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Page 100 and 101: size, high fecundity, small egg siz
Page 102 and 103: strategy described by Winemiller an
Page 104 and 105: It seems that evolutionary features
Page 106 and 107: strategy stablished by the Winemill
Page 108 and 109: which normal embryonic/larval devel
Page 110 and 111: Larval dispersal from eight populat
Page 112 and 113: These results are very important si
Page 114 and 115: possibility. The opportunistic spec
Page 116 and 117: hypothesis that the Mesozoic and ea
Page 118 and 119: Barnes, H. and H.T. Powell. 1951. T
Page 120 and 121: Chester, C.M. 1996. The effect of a
Page 122 and 123: Crisp, D.J. 1978. Genetic consequen
Page 124 and 125: David, B., A. Guille, J-P. Féral a
Page 126 and 127: Grant, A. 1983. On the evolution of
Page 128 and 129: Inaba, D. 1934. On some holothurian
Page 130 and 131: of the 6 th International Echinoder
Page 132 and 133: Lieberkind, I. 1926. Ctenodiscus au
Page 134 and 135: McEdward, L.R. and S.F. Carson. 198
Page 136 and 137: Minchin, D. 1987. Sea-water tempera
Page 138 and 139: Pawson, D.L. 1976. Some aspects of
Page 140 and 141: Pingree. R.D., B. Sinha and C.R. Gr
Page 144 and 145: Shilling, F.M. and D.T. Manahan. 19
Page 146 and 147: Turner, R.L. and J.M. Lawrence. 197
Page 148 and 149: Vickery, M.S. and J.B. McClintock 2
Page 150 and 151: (Eds.): Reproduction Genetics and D
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