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To my wife Julia for all her love, support, and patience throughout these years of our marriage and for being always my partner in feelings, science, and work. To my daughter Lobanna, for the immense light that was born when she was. To my family for always looking after me like if I was the youngest member. To Falcon, a lightning that came and went too fast and left the scar of his light in everyone who knew him. 9
Prière de l’étoile de mer Seigneur L’abîme est fermé sur moi Ne suis-je pas quelque Lucifer tombé du ciel et délaissé aux torments des vagues? Voyez, j’ai l’air d’une étoile de sang. J’essaie de me souvenir de ma royauté lontaine mais en vain. Rampant sur le sable, j’écarte mes branches et je rêve, je rêve, je rêve… Seigneur, un ange ne m’arrachera-t-il pas du fond des mers pour m’incruster de nouveau dans Votre ciel? Ah! qu’un jour, Ainsi sois-il! Carmen Bernos de Basztold, Choral de Bêtes, Editions du Cloitre, Paris. Prayer of the starfish Lord, The depths have closed over me. Am I not like Lucifer fallen from heaven and abandoned to the torment of the weaves? See, I look like a blood star. I try to remember my distant royalty but in vain. Crawling on the sand, I open my arms and I dream, I dream, I dream… Lord, could not an angel pull me up from the bottom of the sea to place me again in Your heaven? Ah! one day, So be it! Translated by John Lawrence (A functional biology of echinoderms, Croom & Helm, London & Sidney) Every time a single larva is released, the entire ocean lights up with possibilities. Francisco Benitez Villalobos 10
Page 1 and 2: University of Southampton Research
Page 3 and 4: Graduate School of the National Oce
Page 5 and 6: UNIVERSITY OF SOUTHAMPTON ABSTRACT
Page 7 and 8: Marthasterias glacialis (ECHINODERM
Page 9: Acknowledgments I know everybody sa
Page 13 and 14: species of asteroid Patiriella para
Page 15 and 16: embryonic tolerances could determin
Page 17 and 18: dispersed over great distances and
Page 19 and 20: lecithotrophic development. The pre
Page 21 and 22: al., 1997). In a review (Vrijenhoek
Page 23 and 24: Although larval dispersal and settl
Page 25 and 26: larvae of shallow water echinoids f
Page 27 and 28: few hours, whereas other species su
Page 29 and 30: een defined as a unique sequence of
Page 31 and 32: therefore a developing form may wel
Page 33 and 34: adults” that have the definitive
Page 35 and 36: The dipleurula is the hypothetical
Page 37 and 38: among tunicate tadpoles, sponge and
Page 39 and 40: Fig.2.4. Bipinnaria larvae of the a
Page 41 and 42: In marine invertebrates there is a
Page 43 and 44: independent of habitat or mode of n
Page 45 and 46: whether juveniles derived from larv
Page 47 and 48: and the northern Mediterranean have
Page 49 and 50: Wares (2001) performed phylogenetic
Page 51 and 52: Fig. 3.2. A. Marthasterias glaciali
Page 53 and 54: 3.2.2- Temperature/pressure effects
Page 55 and 56: Pressure was applied using an Enerp
Page 57 and 58: Fig. 3.7. Bippinaria larvae of Mart
Page 59 and 60: X Data were abnormal. At 150 and 20
Page 61 and 62:
X Data all the embryos were abnorma
Page 63 and 64:
X Data blastulae, at 200atm 90% of
Page 65 and 66:
50atm more than 90% of embryos were
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Those data (Young et al., 1997; Ped
Page 69 and 70:
Percentage of individuals swimming
Page 71 and 72:
that settling invertebrate larvae d
Page 73 and 74:
CHAPTER FOUR- REPRODUCTIVE FEATURES
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In 1973, Vance proposed a theoretic
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Species Volume Energy Dev Class Ref
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4.1.2- Body Size The reproductive o
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Species Depth of max. Depth range (
Page 84 and 85:
arm, and the minor radius (r), from
Page 86 and 87:
From Eqs.1 and 3 we obtain the esti
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Data on maximum body size, maximum
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250 200 Body size (mm) 150 100 50 0
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Fig. 4.7. Hierarchical cluster anal
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(Hymenaster membranaceus Thomson).
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gamete production at low population
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varies depending on the vitellogeni
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size, high fecundity, small egg siz
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strategy described by Winemiller an
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It seems that evolutionary features
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strategy stablished by the Winemill
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which normal embryonic/larval devel
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Larval dispersal from eight populat
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These results are very important si
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possibility. The opportunistic spec
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hypothesis that the Mesozoic and ea
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Barnes, H. and H.T. Powell. 1951. T
Page 120 and 121:
Chester, C.M. 1996. The effect of a
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Crisp, D.J. 1978. Genetic consequen
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David, B., A. Guille, J-P. Féral a
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Grant, A. 1983. On the evolution of
Page 128 and 129:
Inaba, D. 1934. On some holothurian
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of the 6 th International Echinoder
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Lieberkind, I. 1926. Ctenodiscus au
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McEdward, L.R. and S.F. Carson. 198
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Minchin, D. 1987. Sea-water tempera
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Pawson, D.L. 1976. Some aspects of
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Pingree. R.D., B. Sinha and C.R. Gr
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Savidge, G., H.J. Lennon, and A.D.
Page 144 and 145:
Shilling, F.M. and D.T. Manahan. 19
Page 146 and 147:
Turner, R.L. and J.M. Lawrence. 197
Page 148 and 149:
Vickery, M.S. and J.B. McClintock 2
Page 150 and 151:
(Eds.): Reproduction Genetics and D
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