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Turner, R.L. and J.M. Lawrence. 1979. Volume and composition of echinoderm eggs: implications for the use of egg size in life-history models. Pp. 25-40 in Reproductive Ecology of Marine Invertebrates. S.E. Stancyk, ed. University of South Carolina Press, Columbia, S.C. Tyler, P.A. 1995. Conditions for the existence of life at the deep-sea: an update. Oceanogr. Mar. Biol. Annu. Rev. 33: 221-244. Tyler, P.A. 2003. Deep Peripheral Seas In Ecosystems of the World: Vol 28 Ecosystems of the Deep Sea Ed. Tyler P.A. Elsevier, Amsterdam 261-293 Tyler, P.A. and S.L. Pain. (1982b). The reproductive biology of Plutonaster bifrons, Dytaster insignis and Psilaster andromeda (Asteroidea: Astropectinidae) from the Rockall Trough. J. Mar. Biol. Ass. U.K. 62: 869-887. Tyler, P.A. and S.L. Pain. (1982c). Observations of gametogenesis in the deep-sea asteroids Paragonaster subtilis and Pseudarchaster parelii (Phanerozonia: Goniasteridae). Int. J. of Inv. Rep. 5: 296-272. Tyler A. and B.S. Tyler. 1966. Physiology of fertilization and early development. In “Physiology of Echinodermata” (R.A. Boolootian ed.) pp. 683-742. Interscience Publ. New York. Tyler, P.A. and C.M. Young. 1998. Temperature and pressure tolerances in dispersal satages of the genus Echinus (Echinodermata: Echinoidea): prerequisites for deep-sea invasion and speciation. Deep-Sea Res. II 45: 253-277. Tyler, P.A., S.L. Pain, D.J. Cage and D.S.M. Billet. (1984). The reproductive biology of deep-sea forcipulate sea stars (Asteroidea: Echinodermata) from the N.E. Atlantic Ocean. J. Mar. Biol. Ass. 64: 587-601. 133
Tyler, P.A., D.S.M. Billet and J.D. Cage. 1990. Seasonal reproduction in the sea stars Dytaster grandis from 4000 m in the North-East Atlantic Ocean. J. Mar. Biol. Ass. U.K. 70: 173-180. Tyler, P. A., C. M. Young and K. Serafy. 1995. Distribution, diet and reproduction in the genus Echinus: evidence for recent diversification?. In Echinoderms Research 1995. (R.H. Emson, A.B. Smith and A.C. Campbell, eds.) pp.325-334. Rotterdam: A.A. Balkema. Tyler, P.A., C.M. Young and A. Clarke. 2000. Temperature and pressure tolerances of embryos and larvae of the Antarctic sea urchin Sterechinus neumayeri (Echinodermata: Echinoidea): potential for deep-sea invasion from high latitudes. Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser. 192: 173-180. Vadas, R.L. 1977. Preferential feeding: and optimization strategy in sea urchins. Ecol. Monog. 47: 337-371. Vance, R.R. 1973. On reproductive strategies in marine benthic invertebrates. Am. Nat. 107: 339-352. Van Weering. T.C.E., I.R. Hall, H.C. de Stigter, I.N. McCave and L. Thomsen. 1998. Recent sediments, sediment accumulation and carbon burial at Goban Spur, NW European continental margin (47-50°N). Prog. Oceanogr. 42: 5-35. Vevers, H.G. 1949. The biology of Asterias rubens L: growth and reproduction. J. Mar. Biol. Ass. U.K . 28: 165-187. 134
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University of Southampton Research
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Graduate School of the National Oce
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UNIVERSITY OF SOUTHAMPTON ABSTRACT
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Marthasterias glacialis (ECHINODERM
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Acknowledgments I know everybody sa
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Prière de l’étoile de mer Seign
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species of asteroid Patiriella para
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embryonic tolerances could determin
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dispersed over great distances and
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lecithotrophic development. The pre
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al., 1997). In a review (Vrijenhoek
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Although larval dispersal and settl
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larvae of shallow water echinoids f
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few hours, whereas other species su
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een defined as a unique sequence of
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therefore a developing form may wel
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adults” that have the definitive
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The dipleurula is the hypothetical
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among tunicate tadpoles, sponge and
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Fig.2.4. Bipinnaria larvae of the a
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In marine invertebrates there is a
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independent of habitat or mode of n
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whether juveniles derived from larv
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and the northern Mediterranean have
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Wares (2001) performed phylogenetic
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Fig. 3.2. A. Marthasterias glaciali
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3.2.2- Temperature/pressure effects
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Pressure was applied using an Enerp
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Fig. 3.7. Bippinaria larvae of Mart
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X Data were abnormal. At 150 and 20
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X Data all the embryos were abnorma
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X Data blastulae, at 200atm 90% of
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50atm more than 90% of embryos were
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Those data (Young et al., 1997; Ped
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Percentage of individuals swimming
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that settling invertebrate larvae d
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CHAPTER FOUR- REPRODUCTIVE FEATURES
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In 1973, Vance proposed a theoretic
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Species Volume Energy Dev Class Ref
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4.1.2- Body Size The reproductive o
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Species Depth of max. Depth range (
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arm, and the minor radius (r), from
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From Eqs.1 and 3 we obtain the esti
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Data on maximum body size, maximum
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250 200 Body size (mm) 150 100 50 0
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Fig. 4.7. Hierarchical cluster anal
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(Hymenaster membranaceus Thomson).
Page 96 and 97: gamete production at low population
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Page 102 and 103: strategy described by Winemiller an
Page 104 and 105: It seems that evolutionary features
Page 106 and 107: strategy stablished by the Winemill
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Page 114 and 115: possibility. The opportunistic spec
Page 116 and 117: hypothesis that the Mesozoic and ea
Page 118 and 119: Barnes, H. and H.T. Powell. 1951. T
Page 120 and 121: Chester, C.M. 1996. The effect of a
Page 122 and 123: Crisp, D.J. 1978. Genetic consequen
Page 124 and 125: David, B., A. Guille, J-P. Féral a
Page 126 and 127: Grant, A. 1983. On the evolution of
Page 128 and 129: Inaba, D. 1934. On some holothurian
Page 130 and 131: of the 6 th International Echinoder
Page 132 and 133: Lieberkind, I. 1926. Ctenodiscus au
Page 134 and 135: McEdward, L.R. and S.F. Carson. 198
Page 136 and 137: Minchin, D. 1987. Sea-water tempera
Page 138 and 139: Pawson, D.L. 1976. Some aspects of
Page 140 and 141: Pingree. R.D., B. Sinha and C.R. Gr
Page 142 and 143: Savidge, G., H.J. Lennon, and A.D.
Page 144 and 145: Shilling, F.M. and D.T. Manahan. 19
Page 148 and 149: Vickery, M.S. and J.B. McClintock 2
Page 150 and 151: (Eds.): Reproduction Genetics and D
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