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Chester, C.M. 1996. The effect of adult nutrition on the reproduction and development of the estuarine nudibranch Tennellia adspersa (Nordmannn, 1845). J. Exp. Mar. Biol. Ecol. 198: 113-130. Cheung, S.G. and S. Lam. 1999. Effect of food availability on egg production and packaging in the intertidal scavenging gastropod Nassarius festivus. Mar. Biol. 135: 281-287. Chia, F.-S. 1968. The embryology of a brooding starfish, Leptasterias hexactis (Stimpson). Acta Zool. 49: 321-364. Chia, F.-S. 1974. Classification and adaptive significance of developmental patterns in marine invertebrates. Thalassia Jugoslav 10: 121-130. Chia, F.-S. 1989. Differential larval settlement of benthic marine invertebrates. In Reproduction, Genetics and Distributions of Marine Organisms, 23 rd European Marine Biology Symposium (J.S. Ryland and P.A. Tyler eds.), pp. 3-12. Olsen and Olsen. Chia, F.-S., and M.E. Rice 1993. Settlement and metamorphosis of marine invertebrate larvae. Elsevier/North-Holland Biomedical Press, New York. Chia, F. S., C. Oguro and M. Komatsu. 1993. Sea star (Asteroid) development. Oceanogr.. Mar. Biol. Ann. Rev. 31: 223-257. Chia, F.-S., and C.W. Walker. 1991. Echinodermata: Asteroidea. In Reproduction of Marine Invertebrates (A.C. Giese, J.S. Pearse and V.B. Pearse eds.), pp. 301- 353. The Boxwood Press, Pacific Grove CA. 107
Chun, C. 1896. Atlantis. Biologische studien über pelagische organismen Auricularia nudibranchiata. Bibl. Zool. 19: 55-75. Christiansen, F.B. and T.M. Fenchel. 1979. Evolution of marine invertebrate reproductive patterns. The. Pol. Biol. 16: 267-282. Clark, A.M. and M.E. Downey. 1992. Starfishes of the Atlantic. London: Chapman & Hall. Clark, K.R. and R.M. Warwick. 2001. Changes in Marine Communities: An Approach to Statistical Analysis and Interpretation. Plymouth Marine Laboratory, 144 pp. Clarke, A. 1979. On living in cold water: K strategies in Antarctic benthos. Mar. Biol. 55: 111-119. Clarke, A. and D.J. Gore. 1992. Egg size and composition in Ceratoserolis (Crustacea: Isopoda) from the Weddell Sea. Polar Biol. 12: 129-134. Coe, W.R. 1912. Echinoderms of Connecticut. Bull. Connecticut state Geol. Nat. Hist. Surv. 19: 152. Craddock, C., R. A. Lutz and R. C. Vrijenhoek. 1997. Patterns of dispersal and larval development of archaeogasteropods limpets at hydrothermal vents in the eastern Pacific. J. Exp. Mar. Biol. Ecol. 210: 37-51. Crisp, D.J. 1976. The role of the pelagic larva. In: Spencer-Davies P (ed) Perspectives in experimental zoology. Pergamon, Oxford, pp 145-155. 108
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University of Southampton Research
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Graduate School of the National Oce
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UNIVERSITY OF SOUTHAMPTON ABSTRACT
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Marthasterias glacialis (ECHINODERM
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Acknowledgments I know everybody sa
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Prière de l’étoile de mer Seign
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species of asteroid Patiriella para
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embryonic tolerances could determin
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dispersed over great distances and
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lecithotrophic development. The pre
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al., 1997). In a review (Vrijenhoek
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Although larval dispersal and settl
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larvae of shallow water echinoids f
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few hours, whereas other species su
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een defined as a unique sequence of
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therefore a developing form may wel
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adults” that have the definitive
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The dipleurula is the hypothetical
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among tunicate tadpoles, sponge and
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Fig.2.4. Bipinnaria larvae of the a
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In marine invertebrates there is a
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independent of habitat or mode of n
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whether juveniles derived from larv
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and the northern Mediterranean have
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Wares (2001) performed phylogenetic
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Fig. 3.2. A. Marthasterias glaciali
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3.2.2- Temperature/pressure effects
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Pressure was applied using an Enerp
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Fig. 3.7. Bippinaria larvae of Mart
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X Data were abnormal. At 150 and 20
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X Data all the embryos were abnorma
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X Data blastulae, at 200atm 90% of
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50atm more than 90% of embryos were
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Those data (Young et al., 1997; Ped
Page 69 and 70: Percentage of individuals swimming
Page 71 and 72: that settling invertebrate larvae d
Page 73 and 74: CHAPTER FOUR- REPRODUCTIVE FEATURES
Page 75 and 76: In 1973, Vance proposed a theoretic
Page 77 and 78: Species Volume Energy Dev Class Ref
Page 79 and 80: 4.1.2- Body Size The reproductive o
Page 81: Species Depth of max. Depth range (
Page 84 and 85: arm, and the minor radius (r), from
Page 86 and 87: From Eqs.1 and 3 we obtain the esti
Page 88 and 89: Data on maximum body size, maximum
Page 90 and 91: 250 200 Body size (mm) 150 100 50 0
Page 92 and 93: Fig. 4.7. Hierarchical cluster anal
Page 94 and 95: (Hymenaster membranaceus Thomson).
Page 96 and 97: gamete production at low population
Page 98 and 99: varies depending on the vitellogeni
Page 100 and 101: size, high fecundity, small egg siz
Page 102 and 103: strategy described by Winemiller an
Page 104 and 105: It seems that evolutionary features
Page 106 and 107: strategy stablished by the Winemill
Page 108 and 109: which normal embryonic/larval devel
Page 110 and 111: Larval dispersal from eight populat
Page 112 and 113: These results are very important si
Page 114 and 115: possibility. The opportunistic spec
Page 116 and 117: hypothesis that the Mesozoic and ea
Page 118 and 119: Barnes, H. and H.T. Powell. 1951. T
Page 122 and 123: Crisp, D.J. 1978. Genetic consequen
Page 124 and 125: David, B., A. Guille, J-P. Féral a
Page 126 and 127: Grant, A. 1983. On the evolution of
Page 128 and 129: Inaba, D. 1934. On some holothurian
Page 130 and 131: of the 6 th International Echinoder
Page 132 and 133: Lieberkind, I. 1926. Ctenodiscus au
Page 134 and 135: McEdward, L.R. and S.F. Carson. 198
Page 136 and 137: Minchin, D. 1987. Sea-water tempera
Page 138 and 139: Pawson, D.L. 1976. Some aspects of
Page 140 and 141: Pingree. R.D., B. Sinha and C.R. Gr
Page 142 and 143: Savidge, G., H.J. Lennon, and A.D.
Page 144 and 145: Shilling, F.M. and D.T. Manahan. 19
Page 146 and 147: Turner, R.L. and J.M. Lawrence. 197
Page 148 and 149: Vickery, M.S. and J.B. McClintock 2
Page 150 and 151: (Eds.): Reproduction Genetics and D
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