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5.2- Effect of hydrodynamic mechanisms on larval dispersal …………………………..95 5.3- Larval physiological tolerances of shallow-water asteroids ……………….…97 5.4.- Reproductive strategies of the different deep-sea asteroid species in the North-East Atlantic Ocean ……………………………………………………………………...99 5.5- Final remarks …………………………………………………………………….101 References REFERENCES ……………………………………………………………………………104 7
Acknowledgments I know everybody says “this work would not have been possible without the help of a number of people, to whom I am deeply grateful”, and I would not like to repeat the same phrase but it is immensely true, so there it is. I would like to thank my two supervisors Prof. Paul A. Tyler and Dr. David Billett, for their constant supervision, patience, and friendship along the process of doing a PhD at the National Oceanography Centre, Southampton. Thanks also to my examiners Dr. Andrew C. Campbell and Dr. Antony C. Jensen because their suggestions and important corrections made this work richer and more interesting and now I feel very pleased with it. Many thanks to Dr. Modesto Seara Vazquez and Biol. Mario E. Fuente Carrasco (Universidad del Mar, Mexico), Dr. Francisco Solis Marin and Dr. Alfredo Laguarda Figueras (ICMyL UNAM, Mexico) because they believed in me since I was and undergraduate student and gave me all their support when I decided to come to study a PhD, and throughout my time in England. I wish also thank everyone in the DEEPSEAS Benthic Biology Group. To be part of the group has been a pleasure and a great experience. Special thanks to Dr. Jon Copley, Dr. Alan Hughes and Dr Bryan Bett for their advice on the statistical analysis in the fourth chapter of this thesis. Many thanks to our research group for their help and support: Liz, Rhian, Kerry, Ben, Ian, Francisco S., Eva. Special thanks to my officemates: Laura, Hannah, Abi, Lizzie and the last but no the least Emily, because they made my time at the office a joyful one and I am proud that I shared my office with the most wonderful girls in the building. Thanks also to all my friends in Southampton, specially my Mexican friends for making my stay in England a pleasure. Finally all my love to my wife Julia Diaz and my daughter Lobanna, they are the engine that keep this little vessel called my life moving always ahead, without them nothing would be possible and reachable for me. To my mother and sisters in Mexico, three great women who have always looked after me. And to the rest of my family, the best in the world for me. This study was supported by Consejo Nacional de Ciencia y Tecnologia (CONACYT) from Mexico under the programme Apoyo de becas al extranjero. 8
Page 1 and 2: University of Southampton Research
Page 3 and 4: Graduate School of the National Oce
Page 5 and 6: UNIVERSITY OF SOUTHAMPTON ABSTRACT
Page 7: Marthasterias glacialis (ECHINODERM
Page 11 and 12: Prière de l’étoile de mer Seign
Page 13 and 14: species of asteroid Patiriella para
Page 15 and 16: embryonic tolerances could determin
Page 17 and 18: dispersed over great distances and
Page 19 and 20: lecithotrophic development. The pre
Page 21 and 22: al., 1997). In a review (Vrijenhoek
Page 23 and 24: Although larval dispersal and settl
Page 25 and 26: larvae of shallow water echinoids f
Page 27 and 28: few hours, whereas other species su
Page 29 and 30: een defined as a unique sequence of
Page 31 and 32: therefore a developing form may wel
Page 33 and 34: adults” that have the definitive
Page 35 and 36: The dipleurula is the hypothetical
Page 37 and 38: among tunicate tadpoles, sponge and
Page 39 and 40: Fig.2.4. Bipinnaria larvae of the a
Page 41 and 42: In marine invertebrates there is a
Page 43 and 44: independent of habitat or mode of n
Page 45 and 46: whether juveniles derived from larv
Page 47 and 48: and the northern Mediterranean have
Page 49 and 50: Wares (2001) performed phylogenetic
Page 51 and 52: Fig. 3.2. A. Marthasterias glaciali
Page 53 and 54: 3.2.2- Temperature/pressure effects
Page 55 and 56: Pressure was applied using an Enerp
Page 57 and 58: Fig. 3.7. Bippinaria larvae of Mart
Page 59 and 60:
X Data were abnormal. At 150 and 20
Page 61 and 62:
X Data all the embryos were abnorma
Page 63 and 64:
X Data blastulae, at 200atm 90% of
Page 65 and 66:
50atm more than 90% of embryos were
Page 67 and 68:
Those data (Young et al., 1997; Ped
Page 69 and 70:
Percentage of individuals swimming
Page 71 and 72:
that settling invertebrate larvae d
Page 73 and 74:
CHAPTER FOUR- REPRODUCTIVE FEATURES
Page 75 and 76:
In 1973, Vance proposed a theoretic
Page 77 and 78:
Species Volume Energy Dev Class Ref
Page 79 and 80:
4.1.2- Body Size The reproductive o
Page 81:
Species Depth of max. Depth range (
Page 84 and 85:
arm, and the minor radius (r), from
Page 86 and 87:
From Eqs.1 and 3 we obtain the esti
Page 88 and 89:
Data on maximum body size, maximum
Page 90 and 91:
250 200 Body size (mm) 150 100 50 0
Page 92 and 93:
Fig. 4.7. Hierarchical cluster anal
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(Hymenaster membranaceus Thomson).
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gamete production at low population
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varies depending on the vitellogeni
Page 100 and 101:
size, high fecundity, small egg siz
Page 102 and 103:
strategy described by Winemiller an
Page 104 and 105:
It seems that evolutionary features
Page 106 and 107:
strategy stablished by the Winemill
Page 108 and 109:
which normal embryonic/larval devel
Page 110 and 111:
Larval dispersal from eight populat
Page 112 and 113:
These results are very important si
Page 114 and 115:
possibility. The opportunistic spec
Page 116 and 117:
hypothesis that the Mesozoic and ea
Page 118 and 119:
Barnes, H. and H.T. Powell. 1951. T
Page 120 and 121:
Chester, C.M. 1996. The effect of a
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Crisp, D.J. 1978. Genetic consequen
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David, B., A. Guille, J-P. Féral a
Page 126 and 127:
Grant, A. 1983. On the evolution of
Page 128 and 129:
Inaba, D. 1934. On some holothurian
Page 130 and 131:
of the 6 th International Echinoder
Page 132 and 133:
Lieberkind, I. 1926. Ctenodiscus au
Page 134 and 135:
McEdward, L.R. and S.F. Carson. 198
Page 136 and 137:
Minchin, D. 1987. Sea-water tempera
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Pawson, D.L. 1976. Some aspects of
Page 140 and 141:
Pingree. R.D., B. Sinha and C.R. Gr
Page 142 and 143:
Savidge, G., H.J. Lennon, and A.D.
Page 144 and 145:
Shilling, F.M. and D.T. Manahan. 19
Page 146 and 147:
Turner, R.L. and J.M. Lawrence. 197
Page 148 and 149:
Vickery, M.S. and J.B. McClintock 2
Page 150 and 151:
(Eds.): Reproduction Genetics and D
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