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Vickery, M.S. and J.B. McClintock 2000. Effects of food concentration and availability on the incidence of cloning in planktotrophic larvae of the sea star Pisaster ochraceus. Biol. Bull. 199: 298-304. Vinogradova, N.G. Ya. A. Birshtey, and M.Ye. Vinoggradov. 1959. Vertical zonality in the distribution of deep-sea fauna. In: Progress in the Study of the Depths of the Oceans. Zenkevitch (Ed). L.A. pp. 32-74. Vrijenhoek, R. C. 1997. Gene flow and genetic diversity in naturally fragmented metapopulations of deep-sea hydrothermal vent animals. J. Hered. 88: 285-293. Vogel, S. 1982. Life in moving fluids. The physical biology of flow. Princeton University Press, Princeton, 352 pp. Walker, C.W. 1974. Studies on the reproductive system of seastars. I. The morphology and histology of the gonads of Asterias vulgaris. Biol. Bull. 147: 661- 677. Wares, J. 2001. Biogeography of Asterias: North Atlantic climate change and speciation. Biol. Bull. 201 (1): 95-103. Wigham, B.D., P.A. Tyler and D.S.M. Billett. 2003. Reproductive biology of the abyssal holothurian Amperima rosea: an opportunistic response to variable flux of surface derived organic matter? J. Mar. Biol. Ass. U.K. 83: 175-188. Wilbur, H.M., D.W. Tinke and J.P. Collins. 1974. Environmental certainity, trophic level and resource availability in life history evolution. Am. Nat. 108: 805- 817. 135
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University of Southampton Research
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Graduate School of the National Oce
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UNIVERSITY OF SOUTHAMPTON ABSTRACT
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Marthasterias glacialis (ECHINODERM
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Acknowledgments I know everybody sa
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Prière de l’étoile de mer Seign
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species of asteroid Patiriella para
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embryonic tolerances could determin
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dispersed over great distances and
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lecithotrophic development. The pre
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al., 1997). In a review (Vrijenhoek
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Although larval dispersal and settl
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larvae of shallow water echinoids f
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few hours, whereas other species su
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een defined as a unique sequence of
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therefore a developing form may wel
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adults” that have the definitive
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The dipleurula is the hypothetical
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among tunicate tadpoles, sponge and
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Fig.2.4. Bipinnaria larvae of the a
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In marine invertebrates there is a
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independent of habitat or mode of n
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whether juveniles derived from larv
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and the northern Mediterranean have
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Wares (2001) performed phylogenetic
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Fig. 3.2. A. Marthasterias glaciali
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3.2.2- Temperature/pressure effects
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Pressure was applied using an Enerp
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Fig. 3.7. Bippinaria larvae of Mart
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X Data were abnormal. At 150 and 20
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X Data all the embryos were abnorma
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X Data blastulae, at 200atm 90% of
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50atm more than 90% of embryos were
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Those data (Young et al., 1997; Ped
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Percentage of individuals swimming
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that settling invertebrate larvae d
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CHAPTER FOUR- REPRODUCTIVE FEATURES
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In 1973, Vance proposed a theoretic
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Species Volume Energy Dev Class Ref
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4.1.2- Body Size The reproductive o
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Species Depth of max. Depth range (
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arm, and the minor radius (r), from
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From Eqs.1 and 3 we obtain the esti
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Data on maximum body size, maximum
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250 200 Body size (mm) 150 100 50 0
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Fig. 4.7. Hierarchical cluster anal
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(Hymenaster membranaceus Thomson).
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gamete production at low population
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Page 100 and 101: size, high fecundity, small egg siz
Page 102 and 103: strategy described by Winemiller an
Page 104 and 105: It seems that evolutionary features
Page 106 and 107: strategy stablished by the Winemill
Page 108 and 109: which normal embryonic/larval devel
Page 110 and 111: Larval dispersal from eight populat
Page 112 and 113: These results are very important si
Page 114 and 115: possibility. The opportunistic spec
Page 116 and 117: hypothesis that the Mesozoic and ea
Page 118 and 119: Barnes, H. and H.T. Powell. 1951. T
Page 120 and 121: Chester, C.M. 1996. The effect of a
Page 122 and 123: Crisp, D.J. 1978. Genetic consequen
Page 124 and 125: David, B., A. Guille, J-P. Féral a
Page 126 and 127: Grant, A. 1983. On the evolution of
Page 128 and 129: Inaba, D. 1934. On some holothurian
Page 130 and 131: of the 6 th International Echinoder
Page 132 and 133: Lieberkind, I. 1926. Ctenodiscus au
Page 134 and 135: McEdward, L.R. and S.F. Carson. 198
Page 136 and 137: Minchin, D. 1987. Sea-water tempera
Page 138 and 139: Pawson, D.L. 1976. Some aspects of
Page 140 and 141: Pingree. R.D., B. Sinha and C.R. Gr
Page 142 and 143: Savidge, G., H.J. Lennon, and A.D.
Page 144 and 145: Shilling, F.M. and D.T. Manahan. 19
Page 146 and 147: Turner, R.L. and J.M. Lawrence. 197
Page 150 and 151: (Eds.): Reproduction Genetics and D
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