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Crisp, D.J. 1978. Genetic consequences of different reproductive strategies in marine invertebrates. In: Battaglia B, Beardmore J.A. (eds) Marine organisms: genetics, ecology and evolution. Plenum, New York, pp 257-273. Cruz-Riviera, E. and M.E. Hay. 2000. Can quantity replace quality? Food choice, compensatory feeding, and fitness of marine mesograzers. Ecology. 81: 201-219. Davidson, E.H. 1991. Spatial mechanisms of gene regulation in metazoan embryos. Dev.Biol. 113: 1-26. Davidson, E.H., K. Peterson and A.H. Cameron 1995. Origin of bilaterian body plans: Evolution of developmental regulatory mechanisms. Science. 270: 1319- 1325. Delage, Y. 1904. E'levage des larves parthenoge'netiques d' Asterias glacialis. Arch. Zool. Exp. Gen. 4: 27-42. Denny, M.W. and M.F. Shibata. 1989. Consequences of surf-zone turbulence for settlement and external fertilization. Am. Nat. 134: 859-889. Dickson, R.R. and I.N. McCave. 1986. Nepheloid layers on the continental-slope west of Porcupine Bank. Deep-Sea Res. I. 33: 791-818. Eaves, A.A. and R. Palmer 2003. Widespread cloning in echinoderm larvae. Nature. 425: 146. Eckelbarger, K.J. 1986. Vitellogenic mechanisms and the allocation of energy to offspring in polychaetes. Bull. Mar. Sci. 39: 426-443. 109
Eckelbarger, K.J. 1994. Diversity of metazoan ovaries and vitellogenic mechanisms: implications for life history theory. Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington. 107: 4193-218. Eckelbarger, K.J. and L. Watling.1995. Role of phylogenetic constraints in determine reproductive patterns in deep-sea invertebrates. Invert. Biol. 114: 256- 269. Ellien, C., E. Thiebaut, A. S. Barnay, J.C. Dauvin, F. Gentil and J.C. Salomon. 2000. The influence of variability in larval dispersal on the dynamics of a marine metapopulations in the Eastern Channel. Oceanol. Acta. 23(4): 423-442. Emlet, R.B., L.R. McEdward and R.R. Strathmann. 1987. Echinoderm larval ecology viewed from the egg. In Echinoderm studies, Vol. 2 (M. Jangoux and J.M. Lawrence, eds.) pp. 55-136. Rotterdam: A.A. Balkema. Fadlallah Y. H. and J. S. Pearse 1982. Sexual reproduction in solitary corals: Overlapping oogenic and brooding cycles, and benthic planulas in Balanophyllia elegans. Mar. Biol. 71: 223-231. Fell, P.E.1967. Echinoderm ontogeny. In Treatise on invertebrate paleontology. Part S. Echinodermata (R.C. Moore, ed.) pp. 60-85. GSA and University of Kansas Press, Lawrence, KS. Fell, P.E.1997. The concept of larva. In Embryology: Constructing the organism (S.F. Gilbert and A.M. Raunio, eds.) pp. 21-28. Sinauer Assoc., Sunderland, M.A. Fenaux L., B. Grazer and S. Dallot. 1994. Echinoderm larvae and postlarvae distribution related to hydrodinamical structures of the Eastern Alboran Sea. In: 110
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University of Southampton Research
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Graduate School of the National Oce
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UNIVERSITY OF SOUTHAMPTON ABSTRACT
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Marthasterias glacialis (ECHINODERM
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Acknowledgments I know everybody sa
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Prière de l’étoile de mer Seign
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species of asteroid Patiriella para
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embryonic tolerances could determin
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dispersed over great distances and
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lecithotrophic development. The pre
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al., 1997). In a review (Vrijenhoek
Page 23 and 24:
Although larval dispersal and settl
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larvae of shallow water echinoids f
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few hours, whereas other species su
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een defined as a unique sequence of
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therefore a developing form may wel
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adults” that have the definitive
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The dipleurula is the hypothetical
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among tunicate tadpoles, sponge and
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Fig.2.4. Bipinnaria larvae of the a
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In marine invertebrates there is a
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independent of habitat or mode of n
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whether juveniles derived from larv
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and the northern Mediterranean have
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Wares (2001) performed phylogenetic
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Fig. 3.2. A. Marthasterias glaciali
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3.2.2- Temperature/pressure effects
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Pressure was applied using an Enerp
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Fig. 3.7. Bippinaria larvae of Mart
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X Data were abnormal. At 150 and 20
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X Data all the embryos were abnorma
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X Data blastulae, at 200atm 90% of
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50atm more than 90% of embryos were
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Those data (Young et al., 1997; Ped
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Percentage of individuals swimming
Page 71 and 72: that settling invertebrate larvae d
Page 73 and 74: CHAPTER FOUR- REPRODUCTIVE FEATURES
Page 75 and 76: In 1973, Vance proposed a theoretic
Page 77 and 78: Species Volume Energy Dev Class Ref
Page 79 and 80: 4.1.2- Body Size The reproductive o
Page 81: Species Depth of max. Depth range (
Page 84 and 85: arm, and the minor radius (r), from
Page 86 and 87: From Eqs.1 and 3 we obtain the esti
Page 88 and 89: Data on maximum body size, maximum
Page 90 and 91: 250 200 Body size (mm) 150 100 50 0
Page 92 and 93: Fig. 4.7. Hierarchical cluster anal
Page 94 and 95: (Hymenaster membranaceus Thomson).
Page 96 and 97: gamete production at low population
Page 98 and 99: varies depending on the vitellogeni
Page 100 and 101: size, high fecundity, small egg siz
Page 102 and 103: strategy described by Winemiller an
Page 104 and 105: It seems that evolutionary features
Page 106 and 107: strategy stablished by the Winemill
Page 108 and 109: which normal embryonic/larval devel
Page 110 and 111: Larval dispersal from eight populat
Page 112 and 113: These results are very important si
Page 114 and 115: possibility. The opportunistic spec
Page 116 and 117: hypothesis that the Mesozoic and ea
Page 118 and 119: Barnes, H. and H.T. Powell. 1951. T
Page 120 and 121: Chester, C.M. 1996. The effect of a
Page 124 and 125: David, B., A. Guille, J-P. Féral a
Page 126 and 127: Grant, A. 1983. On the evolution of
Page 128 and 129: Inaba, D. 1934. On some holothurian
Page 130 and 131: of the 6 th International Echinoder
Page 132 and 133: Lieberkind, I. 1926. Ctenodiscus au
Page 134 and 135: McEdward, L.R. and S.F. Carson. 198
Page 136 and 137: Minchin, D. 1987. Sea-water tempera
Page 138 and 139: Pawson, D.L. 1976. Some aspects of
Page 140 and 141: Pingree. R.D., B. Sinha and C.R. Gr
Page 142 and 143: Savidge, G., H.J. Lennon, and A.D.
Page 144 and 145: Shilling, F.M. and D.T. Manahan. 19
Page 146 and 147: Turner, R.L. and J.M. Lawrence. 197
Page 148 and 149: Vickery, M.S. and J.B. McClintock 2
Page 150 and 151: (Eds.): Reproduction Genetics and D
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