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Three replicate vials were assigned to each pressure/temperature combination in a modified pressure chamber (see Young et al., 1996b) (Fig. 3.4 AB). Fig. 3.4. A. Modified pressure chambers containing three replicate 8 ml plastic vials filled with zygotes in suspension in sea water. B. Pressure chamber sealed, connected to the pump, and ready to be pressurized (Photograph by Francisco Benitez). 53
Pressure was applied using an Enerpac hand pump with the pressure vessel under water at 15°C (Fig. 3.5). The cultures were incubated at 5, 10, 15 and 20 o C and at 1, 50, 100, 150 and 200 atm. Individual treatments were maintained at temperature either in a constant temperature room or in a temperature-controlled water bath. Fig. 3.5. Enerpac hydraulic hand pump used to pressurize the modified chambers using fresh water. (Photograph by Francisco Benitez) Cultures were examined at 6, 12, 24 and 48 h. Pressure vessels were depressurised and the contents <strong>of</strong> incubations vials were emptied into a counting chamber. Full-sized eggs in each culture were examined under a compound microscope at 10x magnification. The cleavage stage <strong>of</strong> each normal embryo was noted, and all embryos that had undergone irregular cleavage were counted. Each culture was depressurised, examined and repressurized within 15 mins. At least 50 embryos from each replicate were classified according to embryonic development, 54
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University of Southampton Research
Page 3 and 4: Graduate School of the National Oce
Page 5 and 6: UNIVERSITY OF SOUTHAMPTON ABSTRACT
Page 7 and 8: Marthasterias glacialis (ECHINODERM
Page 9 and 10: Acknowledgments I know everybody sa
Page 11 and 12: Prière de l’étoile de mer Seign
Page 13 and 14: species of asteroid Patiriella para
Page 15 and 16: embryonic tolerances could determin
Page 17 and 18: dispersed over great distances and
Page 19 and 20: lecithotrophic development. The pre
Page 21 and 22: al., 1997). In a review (Vrijenhoek
Page 23 and 24: Although larval dispersal and settl
Page 25 and 26: larvae of shallow water echinoids f
Page 27 and 28: few hours, whereas other species su
Page 29 and 30: een defined as a unique sequence of
Page 31 and 32: therefore a developing form may wel
Page 33 and 34: adults” that have the definitive
Page 35 and 36: The dipleurula is the hypothetical
Page 37 and 38: among tunicate tadpoles, sponge and
Page 39 and 40: Fig.2.4. Bipinnaria larvae of the a
Page 41 and 42: In marine invertebrates there is a
Page 43 and 44: independent of habitat or mode of n
Page 45 and 46: whether juveniles derived from larv
Page 47 and 48: and the northern Mediterranean have
Page 49 and 50: Wares (2001) performed phylogenetic
Page 51 and 52: Fig. 3.2. A. Marthasterias glaciali
Page 53: 3.2.2- Temperature/pressure effects
Page 57 and 58: Fig. 3.7. Bippinaria larvae of Mart
Page 59 and 60: X Data were abnormal. At 150 and 20
Page 61 and 62: X Data all the embryos were abnorma
Page 63 and 64: X Data blastulae, at 200atm 90% of
Page 65 and 66: 50atm more than 90% of embryos were
Page 67 and 68: Those data (Young et al., 1997; Ped
Page 69 and 70: Percentage of individuals swimming
Page 71 and 72: that settling invertebrate larvae d
Page 73 and 74: CHAPTER FOUR- REPRODUCTIVE FEATURES
Page 75 and 76: In 1973, Vance proposed a theoretic
Page 77 and 78: Species Volume Energy Dev Class Ref
Page 79 and 80: 4.1.2- Body Size The reproductive o
Page 81: Species Depth of max. Depth range (
Page 84 and 85: arm, and the minor radius (r), from
Page 86 and 87: From Eqs.1 and 3 we obtain the esti
Page 88 and 89: Data on maximum body size, maximum
Page 90 and 91: 250 200 Body size (mm) 150 100 50 0
Page 92 and 93: Fig. 4.7. Hierarchical cluster anal
Page 94 and 95: (Hymenaster membranaceus Thomson).
Page 96 and 97: gamete production at low population
Page 98 and 99: varies depending on the vitellogeni
Page 100 and 101: size, high fecundity, small egg siz
Page 102 and 103: strategy described by Winemiller an
Page 104 and 105:
It seems that evolutionary features
Page 106 and 107:
strategy stablished by the Winemill
Page 108 and 109:
which normal embryonic/larval devel
Page 110 and 111:
Larval dispersal from eight populat
Page 112 and 113:
These results are very important si
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possibility. The opportunistic spec
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hypothesis that the Mesozoic and ea
Page 118 and 119:
Barnes, H. and H.T. Powell. 1951. T
Page 120 and 121:
Chester, C.M. 1996. The effect of a
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Crisp, D.J. 1978. Genetic consequen
Page 124 and 125:
David, B., A. Guille, J-P. Féral a
Page 126 and 127:
Grant, A. 1983. On the evolution of
Page 128 and 129:
Inaba, D. 1934. On some holothurian
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of the 6 th International Echinoder
Page 132 and 133:
Lieberkind, I. 1926. Ctenodiscus au
Page 134 and 135:
McEdward, L.R. and S.F. Carson. 198
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Minchin, D. 1987. Sea-water tempera
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Pawson, D.L. 1976. Some aspects of
Page 140 and 141:
Pingree. R.D., B. Sinha and C.R. Gr
Page 142 and 143:
Savidge, G., H.J. Lennon, and A.D.
Page 144 and 145:
Shilling, F.M. and D.T. Manahan. 19
Page 146 and 147:
Turner, R.L. and J.M. Lawrence. 197
Page 148 and 149:
Vickery, M.S. and J.B. McClintock 2
Page 150 and 151:
(Eds.): Reproduction Genetics and D
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