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(Eds.): Reproduction Genetics and Distribution of Marine Organisms, pp. 225- 231. Olsen and Olsen, Fredensborg. Young, C.M and P. A. Tyler. 1993. Embryos of the deep-sea echinoid Echinus affinis require high pressure for development. Limnol. Oceanogr. 38: 178-181. Young, C.M., J.L. Cameron and K.J. Eckelbarger, 1989. Extended pre-feeding period in a planktotrophic echinoid larva from the bathyal zone of the deep sea. J. Mar. Biol. Ass. U.K. 69: 695-702. Young, C.M., P. A. Tyler and J.D. Gage. 1996a. Vertical distribution correlates with embryonic pressure tolerances in the deep-sea asteroid Plutonaster bifrons. J. Mar. Biol. Ass. U.K. 76: 749-757. Young, C.M., P. A. Tyler and R.H. Emson. 1996b. Embryonic pressure tolerances of bathyal and littoral echinoids from the tropical Atlantic and Pacific Oceans. In Echinoderms Research 1995. (R.H. Emson, A.B. Smith and A.C. Campbell, eds.) pp.325-334. Rotterdam: A.A. Balkema. Young, C.M., M. A. Sewell, P. A. Tyler and A. Metaxas. 1997. Biogeographic and bathymetric ranges of Atlantic deep-sea echinoderms and ascidians: the role of larval dispersal. Biodiv. Conserv. 6: 1507-1522. Young, C.M., P. A. Tyler and L. Fenaux. 1997b. Potential for deep-sea invasion by Mediterranean shallow-water echinoids: Pressure and temperature as stage-specific dispersal barriers. Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser. 154: 197-209. Young C.M. 2002.A brief history and some fundamentals. In: Atlas of Marine Invertebrate Larvae: Young C.M. (Ed) Academic press, San Diego CA. 1-21 137
Young C.M. 2003 Reproduction, development and life-history traits. In Ecosystems of the World: Ecosystems of the Deep Sea Ed. Tyler P.A. Elsevier, Amsterdam 381-426. Zajac, R.N. 1986. The effects of intra-specific density and food supply on growth and reproduction in an infaunal polychaete, Polydora ligni Webster. J. Mar. Res. 44: 339-359. 138
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University of Southampton Research
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Graduate School of the National Oce
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UNIVERSITY OF SOUTHAMPTON ABSTRACT
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Marthasterias glacialis (ECHINODERM
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Acknowledgments I know everybody sa
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Prière de l’étoile de mer Seign
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species of asteroid Patiriella para
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embryonic tolerances could determin
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dispersed over great distances and
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lecithotrophic development. The pre
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al., 1997). In a review (Vrijenhoek
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Although larval dispersal and settl
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larvae of shallow water echinoids f
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few hours, whereas other species su
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een defined as a unique sequence of
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therefore a developing form may wel
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adults” that have the definitive
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The dipleurula is the hypothetical
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among tunicate tadpoles, sponge and
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Fig.2.4. Bipinnaria larvae of the a
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In marine invertebrates there is a
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independent of habitat or mode of n
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whether juveniles derived from larv
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and the northern Mediterranean have
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Wares (2001) performed phylogenetic
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Fig. 3.2. A. Marthasterias glaciali
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3.2.2- Temperature/pressure effects
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Pressure was applied using an Enerp
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Fig. 3.7. Bippinaria larvae of Mart
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X Data were abnormal. At 150 and 20
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X Data all the embryos were abnorma
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X Data blastulae, at 200atm 90% of
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50atm more than 90% of embryos were
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Those data (Young et al., 1997; Ped
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Percentage of individuals swimming
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that settling invertebrate larvae d
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CHAPTER FOUR- REPRODUCTIVE FEATURES
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In 1973, Vance proposed a theoretic
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Species Volume Energy Dev Class Ref
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4.1.2- Body Size The reproductive o
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Species Depth of max. Depth range (
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arm, and the minor radius (r), from
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From Eqs.1 and 3 we obtain the esti
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Data on maximum body size, maximum
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250 200 Body size (mm) 150 100 50 0
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Fig. 4.7. Hierarchical cluster anal
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(Hymenaster membranaceus Thomson).
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gamete production at low population
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varies depending on the vitellogeni
Page 100 and 101: size, high fecundity, small egg siz
Page 102 and 103: strategy described by Winemiller an
Page 104 and 105: It seems that evolutionary features
Page 106 and 107: strategy stablished by the Winemill
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Page 114 and 115: possibility. The opportunistic spec
Page 116 and 117: hypothesis that the Mesozoic and ea
Page 118 and 119: Barnes, H. and H.T. Powell. 1951. T
Page 120 and 121: Chester, C.M. 1996. The effect of a
Page 122 and 123: Crisp, D.J. 1978. Genetic consequen
Page 124 and 125: David, B., A. Guille, J-P. Féral a
Page 126 and 127: Grant, A. 1983. On the evolution of
Page 128 and 129: Inaba, D. 1934. On some holothurian
Page 130 and 131: of the 6 th International Echinoder
Page 132 and 133: Lieberkind, I. 1926. Ctenodiscus au
Page 134 and 135: McEdward, L.R. and S.F. Carson. 198
Page 136 and 137: Minchin, D. 1987. Sea-water tempera
Page 138 and 139: Pawson, D.L. 1976. Some aspects of
Page 140 and 141: Pingree. R.D., B. Sinha and C.R. Gr
Page 142 and 143: Savidge, G., H.J. Lennon, and A.D.
Page 144 and 145: Shilling, F.M. and D.T. Manahan. 19
Page 146 and 147: Turner, R.L. and J.M. Lawrence. 197
Page 148 and 149: Vickery, M.S. and J.B. McClintock 2
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