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of the 6 th International Echinoderm Conference, Victoria (R.D. Burke, P.V. Mladenov, P. Lambert and R. L. Parsley eds.), pp. 267-272. A.A. Balkema Rotterdam. Krug, P.J. 1998. Poecilogony in an estuarine opistobranch: planktotrophy, lecithotrophy and mixed clutches in a population of the ascoglossan Alderia modesta. Mar. Biol. 132: 483-494. Krug, P.J. 2001. Bet-hedging dispersal strategy of a specialist marine hervibore: a settlement dimorphism among sibling larvae of Adalaria modesta. Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser. 213: 177-192. Kume, M. and K. Dan 1968. Invertebrate Embryology. National Technical Information Services, Springfield, VA. Kussakin, O.G. 1973. Peculiarities of the geographical and vertical distribution of marine isopods and the problem of deep-sea fauna origin. Mar. Biol. 23: 19-34. Laegdsgaard, P., M. Byrne and D.T. Anderson. 1991. Reproduction of sympatric populations of Heliocidaris erythrogramma and H. tuberculata (Echinoidea) in New South Wales. Mar. Biol. 110: 359-374. Lawrence, J. 1987. A functional biology of echinoderms. Croom Helm. London. 340pp. Lawrence, J. M. and Lane. 1982. Echinoderms: proceedings of the international conference, Tampa Bay. A.A. Balkema, Rotterdam. 117
Lawrence, J.M., M. Regis, P. Delmas, G. Gras and T. Klinger. 1984. The effect of quality of food on feeding and digestion in Paracentrotus lividus (Lamarck). Mar. Behav. Physiol. 15: 137-144. Lefevre, A., C. Ellien, D. Davoult, E. Thiébaut and J.C. Salomon 2003. Pelagic dispersal of the brittle-star Ophiothrix fragilis larvae in a megatidal area (English Channel, France) examined using an advection/diffusion model. Est. Coast. Shelf Sci. 57: 421-433. Levin, L.A. and Bridges T.S. 1994. Control and consequences of alternative developmental modes in a poecylogonous polychaete. Am. Zool. 34: 323-332. Levin, L.A. and Bridges T.S. 1995. Pattern and diversity in reproduction and development In: Ecology of marine invertebrate larvae (McEdward L. ed.) pp. 1- 48. CRC Press FLO. Levin, L.A. and Creed, E.L. 1986. Effect of temperature and food availability on reproductive responses of Streblospio benedictii (Polychaeta: Spionidae) with planktotrophic or lecithotrophic development. Mar. Biol. 92: 103-113. Levin, L.A., H. Caswell, K.D. DePatra, and E.L. Creed. 1987. Demographic consequences of larval development mode: planktotrophy vs.lecithotrophy in Streblospio benedictii. Ecology 68: 103-113. Levitan, D.R. 1991. The importance of sperm limitation to the evolution of egg size in marine invertebrates. Am. Nat. 141: 517-536. Levitan, D.R. 1996. Predicting optimal and unique egg sizes in free-spawning marine invertebrates. Am. Nat. 148: 174-188. 118
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University of Southampton Research
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Graduate School of the National Oce
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UNIVERSITY OF SOUTHAMPTON ABSTRACT
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Marthasterias glacialis (ECHINODERM
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Acknowledgments I know everybody sa
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Prière de l’étoile de mer Seign
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species of asteroid Patiriella para
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embryonic tolerances could determin
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dispersed over great distances and
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lecithotrophic development. The pre
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al., 1997). In a review (Vrijenhoek
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Although larval dispersal and settl
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larvae of shallow water echinoids f
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few hours, whereas other species su
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een defined as a unique sequence of
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therefore a developing form may wel
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adults” that have the definitive
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The dipleurula is the hypothetical
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among tunicate tadpoles, sponge and
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Fig.2.4. Bipinnaria larvae of the a
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In marine invertebrates there is a
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independent of habitat or mode of n
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whether juveniles derived from larv
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and the northern Mediterranean have
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Wares (2001) performed phylogenetic
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Fig. 3.2. A. Marthasterias glaciali
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3.2.2- Temperature/pressure effects
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Pressure was applied using an Enerp
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Fig. 3.7. Bippinaria larvae of Mart
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X Data were abnormal. At 150 and 20
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X Data all the embryos were abnorma
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X Data blastulae, at 200atm 90% of
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50atm more than 90% of embryos were
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Those data (Young et al., 1997; Ped
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Percentage of individuals swimming
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that settling invertebrate larvae d
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CHAPTER FOUR- REPRODUCTIVE FEATURES
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In 1973, Vance proposed a theoretic
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Species Volume Energy Dev Class Ref
Page 79 and 80: 4.1.2- Body Size The reproductive o
Page 81: Species Depth of max. Depth range (
Page 84 and 85: arm, and the minor radius (r), from
Page 86 and 87: From Eqs.1 and 3 we obtain the esti
Page 88 and 89: Data on maximum body size, maximum
Page 90 and 91: 250 200 Body size (mm) 150 100 50 0
Page 92 and 93: Fig. 4.7. Hierarchical cluster anal
Page 94 and 95: (Hymenaster membranaceus Thomson).
Page 96 and 97: gamete production at low population
Page 98 and 99: varies depending on the vitellogeni
Page 100 and 101: size, high fecundity, small egg siz
Page 102 and 103: strategy described by Winemiller an
Page 104 and 105: It seems that evolutionary features
Page 106 and 107: strategy stablished by the Winemill
Page 108 and 109: which normal embryonic/larval devel
Page 110 and 111: Larval dispersal from eight populat
Page 112 and 113: These results are very important si
Page 114 and 115: possibility. The opportunistic spec
Page 116 and 117: hypothesis that the Mesozoic and ea
Page 118 and 119: Barnes, H. and H.T. Powell. 1951. T
Page 120 and 121: Chester, C.M. 1996. The effect of a
Page 122 and 123: Crisp, D.J. 1978. Genetic consequen
Page 124 and 125: David, B., A. Guille, J-P. Féral a
Page 126 and 127: Grant, A. 1983. On the evolution of
Page 128 and 129: Inaba, D. 1934. On some holothurian
Page 132 and 133: Lieberkind, I. 1926. Ctenodiscus au
Page 134 and 135: McEdward, L.R. and S.F. Carson. 198
Page 136 and 137: Minchin, D. 1987. Sea-water tempera
Page 138 and 139: Pawson, D.L. 1976. Some aspects of
Page 140 and 141: Pingree. R.D., B. Sinha and C.R. Gr
Page 142 and 143: Savidge, G., H.J. Lennon, and A.D.
Page 144 and 145: Shilling, F.M. and D.T. Manahan. 19
Page 146 and 147: Turner, R.L. and J.M. Lawrence. 197
Page 148 and 149: Vickery, M.S. and J.B. McClintock 2
Page 150 and 151: (Eds.): Reproduction Genetics and D
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