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separâtion none sepa ra t ion separat ion none sepa ra t lon nonE seParatíon none separation none seParatlon none sepê ra t ion nonè seParation none separat¡on none separation none sePa ra t lon none sepa ra t ion none seParat ion none sepa rat ion none sepa ra t íon none sepa rat ion none sepå ra t lon none I\J N E 18E 10 13- very poor everted 1 open none E 18E 61 13 poor myeloschisis 1 open none E 188 25 13+ very poor myeloschisis 0 open none E 18E 13 r4 poor myeloschisis 0 open none E 18E 28 r4 very Poor elevated 2 open none E 18E 35 r4 poor myeloschisis 2 open none E 18E 47 14 good e I eva ted 1 open none E t8E 58 t4 poor everted 0 open none E 18E 36 14+ sood myeloschisis 2 open none E 18E 53 14+ poor myeloschisis 3 open none E 18E 54 14+ very pôor myeloschisis 0 open none E 18E 59 14+ good elevated -0 open/ none covered E 18E 44 15- sood closed 3 covered none E 3oE 4 15 good cl osed 2 covered none E 30E 25 15 fair c I osed 3 covered none E 30E 9 16 9ooà cl osed 2 covered none E 3oE 26 16 good closed t covered none E 308 35 16 fal r c I osed covered none
sePârat Îon sepa ra t ¡on separatÎon separation sepa ra t ion sepa rat ion none none none none none none N' N .È- E 3oE 56 16 good closed 3 covered none E 30E 59 16 good c I osed 2 covered none E 30E 69 16 good closed 1 covered none E 3oE 76 16 good c I osed I covered none E 3OE 52 16 good c I osed 0 covered none E 30e 77 16 good c I osed 0 covered none
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E}4BRYOGENES IS OF EXPERIHENTALLY I
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MY PARENTS c.J.H. G. M.
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lt Congenital malformêtlons of the
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TABLE OF CONTENTS SECT ION PAGE 1 I
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},I.ATE R I ALS 3.1 THE CHICK EI4BR
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vt I I 6.3.2 Stage 10 Experímentel
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9 APPENDTCES 378 APPENDIX A . 379 1
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1.1 TERATOLOGY Birth defects have a
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4 of the complexity of normal devel
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6 flat, exposed plaque of neural ti
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8 However, several early embryos in
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.1- 5
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l2 2.1 ErI0L0rL!! fïE qYs34t!1!!jr
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4 which has rema¡ned fairly consta
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6 and about 112 after two (Laure,nc
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l8 ln some very early human embryos
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2l and kinky-ta¡l as disorders of
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23 Vogel and McClenahan (1952) tnus
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I'IATE R IALS 25
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27 lf necessary, eggs were stored a
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FÍg. 5. lncubator allowing precise
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3l 4. r sELEcr I oN !F EGGq 4.1,1 .
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uler. Accurate Staging (Hamburger a
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.\lz '?. t
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Fis. I AsB, Windowìng followed by
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Fis. 9 Aã8. t/indow?ng followed by
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42 ( \--l /) ^ ) t0
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44 serîal sectlonlng a camera luci
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46 Thus the embryos selected for se
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48 TABLE 3. srAGE t0 El,tBRyos (cno
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50 TABLE 5 , Reg i ons srAGE 13:16'
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52 4.8.4 HistologÌcal_De:plþtÍon
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5 RESULTS OF TERAÎOLOGICAL PROCEDU
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(c) deaths and defects in the survi
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Fi g. Percentagcs of early deaths a
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6o MoRTALtTY, AFTER ì,'tNpowtNq,AT
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TABLE B.'DEVEIOPI{ENT'AFTER'WINDOIi
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TABLE 9. ¡4ALFORMATIONS PRODUCED'B
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N=231 ffil e ooyi ffi s oays [il t2
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6B TABLEt loj lloRTALtTy AFTER VtBR
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70 5,3.2 Pa-rôf i Idì ¿irid PIè
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TABLE 13; MALFORI4ATIONS AFTER PLAS
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41 13 0 23 No l^l i ndow Control s
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Fíg. Percentages of early deaths a
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78 ALBUMEN INTRODUCTION Analysís o
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0 1 0 0 a o TABLE 17. I'lALF0RÌ1AT
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N Eorly Deothi N=10ó N a ú, o d,
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103 51 52 28 14 4 6 No W î ndow Co
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Fi g. 14. Percentages of early deat
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88 AtR qELL, REEXPANSI0N Analysls o
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90 5.4 BACTERt4L CUTTURE 0F UlNpohr
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92 TABLE 22. ¡¡UI'ISELTS OF PLATE
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94 6.1 EMBRY0ûIIES I s 0L 0!!\- NE
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Fis. I5 A¿8, Range of s izes (mm.)
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Figs. 16 AaB.. Range of sizes (mm.
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100 6.1.2 f4ortal í!y with Vsrying
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421.. 26 25 I (3.85) 20 (76 .92) 1
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00 N Eorly Deoths ,n -¡ F- ô- xu.
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ì06 Degrees of Freedom 12 Chi Squa
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hzE 53 42C z5 51(96.4)2\(96) 2(3.77
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ffil Op"n Anterior Neuropore I I0 N
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N=380 El Ovol Rhonnboid 'Sinus ì l
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Øl Open Broin Defecls N=384 ffi F"
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ligr. 21 - 30. Camera lucida drawin
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Fi s. 22. lrregular open anteríor
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lmm OPEN BRAIN DEFECT Á,NOPHTHALMI
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lmm OVAL RHOMBOID S¡NUS 48 HOURS S
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FiS. 26, Open neural folds extendin
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t-l lmm IATER OPEN CORD DEFECT . RE
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l2B t--l lmm EARLY OPEN CORD DEFECT
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Fis. 30. Large caudal cyst Ìn an o
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132 6.1 .4 DeveloÞñent of oÞen N
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Fig. 31 . Percentêges of experinen
Page 151 and 152:
36 TABLE ?8. RH0I4B0lD stNUs ctôs
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N=38o H ovol Rhomboid sinus l^ r38
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F¡ S. 33. Percentages Õf open cor
Page 157 and 158:
142 6.1.5 Distríbution of 0pen Cor
Page 159 and 160:
Fi s. "l! Percentage distrìbution
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lrregul ar (Z) somi te be low level
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ì48 N=2ó4 ffi m Regulor Cord Defe
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Fis. 36. Percentage distrîbution o
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152 6.2 sPtIA! LFVELS 0F oPEN CORp
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Fìgs. 37'38, Vertebral defecrs in
Page 171 and 172:
CERVICAT THORACIC LUMBAR FUSED CAUD
Page 173 and 174:
---l r r'I * 40
Page 175 and 176:
t59 a) spîna bif¡da occulta is se
Page 177 and 178:
:al . '**Ç- 4 ff, À(,) ftø 9-' o
Page 179 and 180:
162 lmnediately after closure, sepa
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164 Hensenrs node and the primitive
Page 183 and 184:
-l :: l 48 I 49 i :. t: .lì 50 ì:
Page 185 and 186:
t67 somite area (through asymmetry
Page 187 and 188:
t69 ln both embryos the volume of n
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171 The rhomblc roof became membran
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173 At areas of myeloschisîs conta
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175 neurêl tîssue wíth mesoderm
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t77 e) encroachment of somitîc mes
Page 197 and 198: ôt rf) , ,,. ì _ ^iiir¡:ù\. I r
Page 199 and 200: l 55 56 57 58 59 ó0
Page 202 and 203: Fiss. 65 Early myeloschisis in a St
Page 204 and 205: fiSr. 71 - 76. Later myeloschisis i
Page 206 and 207: Fiss. 77 -82. Early myelodysplesia
Page 208 and 209: FÌgs. B3 - BB. Later myelodysplas
Page 210 and 211: Figs, 89 - 91. Processíng artifact
Page 212 and 213: ì86 6.3.10 SequenJ¡¿il ll lúSti
Page 214 and 215: Fígs. 95 - 102, Sequentiêl drawin
Page 216 and 217: l9o EVERsToN: srAGE rf (o r o+) o @
Page 218 and 219: @ @@ "@ @ e q q a a 192 CoNTROL: ST
Page 220 and 221: MYELOSCHTSTS: STAGE tZ (tZeïl OOG
Page 222 and 223: coNTRO[: STAGE tó (ro c zz) . a@ Q
Page 224 and 225: G (õ--==: \z-- HEMTMYELIA: STAGE t
Page 226 and 227: Som i te Defects contact none sePa
Page 228 and 229: Somite Som i te Contact Defects N'
Page 230 and 231: Som i te Contact Som i te Defects c
Page 232 and 233: none none N) o o\ B r8c 23 12 good
Page 234 and 235: separat ion none contact/ none sepa
Page 236 and 237: Regíon Embryo Stage Conditîon Neu
Page 238 and 239: none none none none none none l'.J
Page 240 and 241: 18E 10 13- vëry poor closed 0 cove
Page 242 and 243: separãtion none contact none conta
Page 244 and 245: Regíon Embryo Stage Condition Neur
Page 246 and 247: separation none sepâ ra t îon non
Page 250 and 251: Reglon Embryo Stagd cond¡t¡on Neu
Page 252 and 253: none none none none N) NJ .{ A A A
Page 254 and 255: contact/ none separatlon contact no
Page 256 and 257: Region Embryo Stage Conditlon Neura
Page 258 and 259: TABLE 38D. STAOE 17.20 CONTROL AND
Page 260 and 261: Reglon Embryo Stage Condition Neura
Page 262 and 263: 428 72 20 closed covered none conta
Page 264 and 265: 239 neural tissue ât the later sta
Page 266 and 267: 241 The control group (Table 99 ) s
Page 268 and 269: TABLE 39. APPEARANCE OF I,'HOLE EI4
Page 270 and 271: TABLE 40. APPEARANCE OF }/HOLE EI"I
Page 272 and 273: closed closed c I osed c I osed c I
Page 274 and 275: 249 6.6 pEVEL0PMENT 0F rH!_¡Ho|4gl
Page 276 and 277: Emb ryo Stage Rhombîc Roóf Neural
Page 278 and 279: CDE D'E DE CDE DE DE DE D BCD BC BC
Page 280 and 281: TABLE q6,. STAGE 17-20 CoNTRoI AND
Page 282 and 283: Figs- 10J - i11. Development of the
Page 284 and 285: Fî s. tub. Thick rhombic roof in 5
Page 286 and 287: Fig. 109 Hernbranous rhombic roof w
Page 288 and 289: 260 6.7 HrqroLoctcAL, cHANgË Assoc
Page 290 and 291: TABLE 47. CONTROL EMBRYoS.HISTOLOGI
Page 292 and 293: 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 o 0 0 0 0 0 0 N
Page 294 and 295: 42c 21 zo B c D E 0000 00 00 00 1\.
Page 296 and 297: l\t q\ 1oE 26 16 30E 59 16 3oE 77 1
Page 298 and 299:
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 N) .{ Embry
Page 300 and 301:
l\) \l N D E 00 00 0 0 13.79 0 100
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N) \¡ \2E 72 20 E B c D' E 00 0 15
Page 304 and 305:
46. 15 76.92 0 20.51 14.83 2i,92 53
Page 306 and 307:
ECTODERM DISCONTINUITY IN EXPERIMEN
Page 308 and 309:
279 ECTODERM DISCONTINUITY IN EXPER
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SOMITE SEPARATION IN EXPERIMENTAL E
Page 312 and 313:
283 NOTOCHORD SEPARATION IN EXPERIM
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285 SOMITE DEFECTS IN EXPERIMENTAL
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287 and distr¡bfrtíon in the cont
Page 318 and 319:
19.09 r8.95 r 1.84 14.82 15.20 0 17
Page 320 and 321:
0 15. 89 81 .08 100 100 ' 76.92 0 1
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43. rB 100 100 0 12.53 74.07 r00 't
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7.t6 16.03 100 100 160 7.90 18.22 r
Page 326 and 327:
Figs. 120'123. Percentage ie.ngths
Page 328 and 329:
299 O\TERLAP ZONE IN EXPERIMENTAL E
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301 OVERLAP ZONE IN EXPERIMENTAL EM
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303 ând every tenth sectlon was ne
Page 334 and 335:
30c 12 16 c 17707,61 2463.3\ 7.19 D
Page 336 and 337:
Ratio NT/N 4 .90 4.11 6.17 7.14 6.9
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Rêtlo NT/N 4.go \.36 3 .44 3. 18 3
Page 340 and 341:
6.7t 6.lt 4.63 4.60 4.13 3.48 hzE 5
Page 342 and 343:
Fi9s, 124-127, Neurál tube-norocho
Page 344 and 345:
315 NEURAL TUBE -NOTOCHORD RATIOS I
Page 346 and 347:
317 NEURAL TUBE-NOTOCHORD RATIOS IN
Page 348 and 349:
319 TABLE 598 ' ANALYSIS OF VARIANC
Page 350 and 351:
321 TABLE 61., .NEURAL TISSUE/NOTOC
Page 352 and 353:
323 Apart f.rom the sîgnîficant d
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t25 7. Dlscusst0N 1'/i th progressi
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327 C¡osure of the anterior neurop
Page 358 and 359:
329 the mid-polnts of the defects w
Page 360 and 361:
331 'c¡osure of the neural folds w
Page 362 and 363:
333 . These findings s.ugges r that
Page 364 and 365:
335 Lendon (1968, 1975) and notos (
Page 366 and 367:
337 Ferm, 1965; l"larin-Padi r ¡a,
Page 368 and 369:
339 Kôplan (1965) and Kaplan and G
Page 370 and 371:
341 reach the floor-plate; asymmetr
Page 372 and 373:
343 took up the label, shovri.ng th
Page 374 and 375:
345 The defects in early human embr
Page 376 and 377:
347 after pred¡cted closure (Lemî
Page 378 and 379:
349 hours could provide evidence fo
Page 380 and 381:
351 t971), Gal lus and Xenopus (l'l
Page 382 and 383:
353 1962i 1965). Barth and Barth.(1
Page 384 and 385:
The result of any teratogen¡c insu
Page 386 and 387:
357 Uindowîlg at ear¡y stages of
Page 388 and 389:
SUHHARY AND CONCLUS I ONS
Page 390 and 391:
361 separatlon between the neural p
Page 392 and 393:
363 APPENDIX A Preparatlon of Early
Page 394 and 395:
365 APPENDIX B Stainl.ng of Carti l
Page 396 and 397:
367 10, BIBLIOGRAPHY, Alter, l.,l.
Page 398 and 399:
369 Braun, l'{. (1882). entwicklung
Page 400 and 401:
371 Crlley, B,B.(1969). Analysîs o
Page 402 and 403:
373 dqs anomal ies de lrorganizatio
Page 404 and 405:
375 Heath, H.D., Shear, H.H., lm€
Page 406 and 407:
377 Jel inek, R. (1960). Developmen
Page 408 and 409:
379 Laurence, K.14. (1964). Thé na
Page 410 and 411:
381 McKeown, T. and Record, R.G.(19
Page 412 and 413:
Penrose, L. S.(1957). Genetics of a
Page 414 and 415:
385 Russell, H.E. and A¡ tken' G.T
Page 416 and 417:
387 Spemann, H. (1938). Embryonic D
Page 418 and 419:
389 lJeed, ¡.H. (1937 -38'). M.nin
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