Universlty of Manitoba, ln Partîal Fulfiìlment - MSpace at the ...

TABLE OF CONTENTS
SECT ION
PAGE
1 INTRODUCT ION 1
1 .1 TERATOLOGY 2
I . 2 CL IN I CAL IHPORTANCE OF B I RTH DEFEETS 2
1.3 INCIDENCE OF BIRTH DEFECTS 3
1.4 coNGENITAL ¡IALFORI'IATIONS OF
THE CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM 3
1.5 SPINA BIFIDA 4
1.5.t Spina Bîfida Occul ta .and
Cystica 5
1 .5 .2 l4en i ngoce I e 5
1 .5 .3 l,lye I omen i ngoce I e 5
1.5.4 l4yelocystocele :
6
1.5,5 Anterlor Spina Bifida 7
1.6 CRANIUI,IBIFIDUM 7
1.6..l Anencephaly, Exencephaly 7
1.6.2 Heningocele,Encephalomenìngocele. . . . I
. 1.6.3 Cranium Bifídum Occul tum. B
1 .7 DYSRAPH IC STATES 8
1.8 PRoGNoSts. 9.
2 REVIEI.I OF LITERATURE 12
2,1 ETIOLOGY OF THE DYSRAPHIC STATES 13
2.2 EPIDEI.1I0LoGICAL STUDIES. 13
2.2.1 lncidence . 13
2.2.2 . Temporal Fl uctuat ions
2.2,3 Seasonal Variat,îon, 15