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371 Crlley, B,B.(1969). Analysîs of the embryonic sources and mechanisms of development of posterior levels of chick neuraì tube. J. Horphol . 1 28: 465 . Dareste, C. (1877). Ráche-rches sur la productlon artificielle des monstruositás o¡Ll essais de t.ratogáie experimentale. Relnwald . Paris. Davis, J.0. (1942). Photochemical spectral analysis of neural tube formatlon. Ph.D. Thesîs. Univ..of I'lissouri. Davis, J.0. (1944). ptrotochemical spectral analysls of neural tube formatîon. Biol . Bul l. 87273. Dekaban, 4.S. (1963). Anencephaly în early human embryos. J. Neuropath. Exp. Neurol . 22:533. Dekaban, A.S. and Bartelmez, G.T.r. (1964). Complete dysraphísm in a l4- somîte human embryo. Am. J. Anat. 115227. Derrlck, c. E.(1937), An analysis of the early development of the .chick by means of the mitotic index. J. Horphol , 61 t257. Deuchar, E.M. (1952). The effect of a high temperature shock on earìy norphogenesis în the chick embryo. J. Ànat. 86:443. van Dongen, R. (1964). lnsulin and myeloschisis in the the chick embryo. Aust. J. Exp,.Biol , Med. Scî. 42:607, Dunn, L.C, and Landauer, l./. (1934). The genetics of the rumpless fowl wl th evidence of a case of changing dominance. J. Genet. 292217.' Edwards, J. H. (1958). Congenital malformations of the central nervous system. Br¡t. J. Prev. Soc. Hed. 12:115. Elwood, J.H. (1970). Anencephalus in the gritish lsles. Dev. Med. Child Neurol. 12¿582. Fallon, l'1., Gordon, A.R.G. and Lendrum, A.C. (1954). Hediastinal cysts of fore-gut origin associated with vertebral abnormal lties. Brlt. J. Sur9. 41 :520.
372 Feeney., J. F. and Watterson, R.L..(,1946).. The development of the vascular pattern within the r',,a|I s of the central nervous system of the chick embryo. J. l''lorphol . 78¿231 , Ferm, V.H. (1958). feratogenic effects of trypan blue on hamster embryos. J. Emb. Exp. Horphol . 6:284. ' Ferm, V.H. (1966). Congen¡tal malformations ihducecl by CÌmethyl sulfoxide ln the golden hamster. J. Emb. Exp. l''lorphol . l6¡49. F.erm, v.H. ând Carpenter, s.J. (1968). l',lalformatf ons induced by sodîum aisenate. J. Reprod, Fertil. 17:199. Foltz, E.1., and Shurtleff, D.B. (lglZ). Hydrocephalus treatment ¡n the early weeks of life. ln, 4.4,0.S. Symposium on ilye I omen I ngoce I e. Bal tîmore Fowler, l. (1953). Responses of the chick neural tube in mechanical ly produced spina bîfida. J. Exp. .7ool . 12J:1lj Frazer, J.Ê. (1921-22). Report of an anencephalic embryo. J.Anat. 56:12, Fuj ita, s, (1960). t'litqtíc patrerns and histogenesís of the central nervous system. Nature 185: 702. Gal lera, J. (1951). lnfluence de I'atmospiràre artifîciellement. modîfîle sur le developpment embryonnaire du poulet. Acta Anât. I1:549. . Gardner, l,r,J, (1959). Anâtomic feêtures comÍnon to Arnold-chîarî and Dandy-tlaIker rialformations suggest common origin. Clev. Clin. Quart. 26:206. Gardner, !t,J. (1961). Rupture of the neural tube. The cause of myelomeningocele. Arch. Neurol . lt: l. Gardner, W.J. (1964). Diastematgmyel ia and the Kl ippel-Fei I syndrome. / Cleveland Cl in. Quart. 31:19. Gardner, W,J. (1972). ln, The Dysraphlc States. Exerpta l'le
Page 1 and 2:
E}4BRYOGENES IS OF EXPERIHENTALLY I
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MY PARENTS c.J.H. G. M.
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lt Congenital malformêtlons of the
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TABLE OF CONTENTS SECT ION PAGE 1 I
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},I.ATE R I ALS 3.1 THE CHICK EI4BR
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vt I I 6.3.2 Stage 10 Experímentel
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9 APPENDTCES 378 APPENDIX A . 379 1
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1.1 TERATOLOGY Birth defects have a
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4 of the complexity of normal devel
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6 flat, exposed plaque of neural ti
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8 However, several early embryos in
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.1- 5
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l2 2.1 ErI0L0rL!! fïE qYs34t!1!!jr
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4 which has rema¡ned fairly consta
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6 and about 112 after two (Laure,nc
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l8 ln some very early human embryos
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2l and kinky-ta¡l as disorders of
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23 Vogel and McClenahan (1952) tnus
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I'IATE R IALS 25
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27 lf necessary, eggs were stored a
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FÍg. 5. lncubator allowing precise
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3l 4. r sELEcr I oN !F EGGq 4.1,1 .
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uler. Accurate Staging (Hamburger a
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.\lz '?. t
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Fis. I AsB, Windowìng followed by
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Fis. 9 Aã8. t/indow?ng followed by
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42 ( \--l /) ^ ) t0
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44 serîal sectlonlng a camera luci
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46 Thus the embryos selected for se
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48 TABLE 3. srAGE t0 El,tBRyos (cno
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50 TABLE 5 , Reg i ons srAGE 13:16'
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52 4.8.4 HistologÌcal_De:plþtÍon
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5 RESULTS OF TERAÎOLOGICAL PROCEDU
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(c) deaths and defects in the survi
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Fi g. Percentagcs of early deaths a
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6o MoRTALtTY, AFTER ì,'tNpowtNq,AT
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TABLE B.'DEVEIOPI{ENT'AFTER'WINDOIi
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TABLE 9. ¡4ALFORMATIONS PRODUCED'B
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N=231 ffil e ooyi ffi s oays [il t2
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6B TABLEt loj lloRTALtTy AFTER VtBR
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70 5,3.2 Pa-rôf i Idì ¿irid PIè
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TABLE 13; MALFORI4ATIONS AFTER PLAS
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41 13 0 23 No l^l i ndow Control s
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Fíg. Percentages of early deaths a
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78 ALBUMEN INTRODUCTION Analysís o
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0 1 0 0 a o TABLE 17. I'lALF0RÌ1AT
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N Eorly Deothi N=10ó N a ú, o d,
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103 51 52 28 14 4 6 No W î ndow Co
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Fi g. 14. Percentages of early deat
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88 AtR qELL, REEXPANSI0N Analysls o
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90 5.4 BACTERt4L CUTTURE 0F UlNpohr
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92 TABLE 22. ¡¡UI'ISELTS OF PLATE
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94 6.1 EMBRY0ûIIES I s 0L 0!!\- NE
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Fis. I5 A¿8, Range of s izes (mm.)
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Figs. 16 AaB.. Range of sizes (mm.
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100 6.1.2 f4ortal í!y with Vsrying
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421.. 26 25 I (3.85) 20 (76 .92) 1
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00 N Eorly Deoths ,n -¡ F- ô- xu.
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ì06 Degrees of Freedom 12 Chi Squa
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hzE 53 42C z5 51(96.4)2\(96) 2(3.77
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ffil Op"n Anterior Neuropore I I0 N
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N=380 El Ovol Rhonnboid 'Sinus ì l
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Øl Open Broin Defecls N=384 ffi F"
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ligr. 21 - 30. Camera lucida drawin
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Fi s. 22. lrregular open anteríor
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lmm OPEN BRAIN DEFECT Á,NOPHTHALMI
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lmm OVAL RHOMBOID S¡NUS 48 HOURS S
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FiS. 26, Open neural folds extendin
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t-l lmm IATER OPEN CORD DEFECT . RE
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l2B t--l lmm EARLY OPEN CORD DEFECT
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Fis. 30. Large caudal cyst Ìn an o
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132 6.1 .4 DeveloÞñent of oÞen N
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Fig. 31 . Percentêges of experinen
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36 TABLE ?8. RH0I4B0lD stNUs ctôs
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N=38o H ovol Rhomboid sinus l^ r38
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F¡ S. 33. Percentages Õf open cor
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142 6.1.5 Distríbution of 0pen Cor
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Fi s. "l! Percentage distrìbution
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lrregul ar (Z) somi te be low level
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ì48 N=2ó4 ffi m Regulor Cord Defe
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Fis. 36. Percentage distrîbution o
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152 6.2 sPtIA! LFVELS 0F oPEN CORp
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Fìgs. 37'38, Vertebral defecrs in
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CERVICAT THORACIC LUMBAR FUSED CAUD
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---l r r'I * 40
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t59 a) spîna bif¡da occulta is se
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:al . '**Ç- 4 ff, À(,) ftø 9-' o
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162 lmnediately after closure, sepa
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164 Hensenrs node and the primitive
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-l :: l 48 I 49 i :. t: .lì 50 ì:
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t67 somite area (through asymmetry
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t69 ln both embryos the volume of n
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171 The rhomblc roof became membran
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173 At areas of myeloschisîs conta
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175 neurêl tîssue wíth mesoderm
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t77 e) encroachment of somitîc mes
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ôt rf) , ,,. ì _ ^iiir¡:ù\. I r
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l 55 56 57 58 59 ó0
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Fiss. 65 Early myeloschisis in a St
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fiSr. 71 - 76. Later myeloschisis i
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Fiss. 77 -82. Early myelodysplesia
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FÌgs. B3 - BB. Later myelodysplas
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Figs, 89 - 91. Processíng artifact
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ì86 6.3.10 SequenJ¡¿il ll lúSti
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Fígs. 95 - 102, Sequentiêl drawin
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l9o EVERsToN: srAGE rf (o r o+) o @
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@ @@ "@ @ e q q a a 192 CoNTROL: ST
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MYELOSCHTSTS: STAGE tZ (tZeïl OOG
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coNTRO[: STAGE tó (ro c zz) . a@ Q
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G (õ--==: \z-- HEMTMYELIA: STAGE t
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Som i te Defects contact none sePa
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Somite Som i te Contact Defects N'
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Som i te Contact Som i te Defects c
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none none N) o o\ B r8c 23 12 good
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separat ion none contact/ none sepa
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Regíon Embryo Stage Conditîon Neu
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none none none none none none l'.J
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18E 10 13- vëry poor closed 0 cove
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separãtion none contact none conta
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Regíon Embryo Stage Condition Neur
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separation none sepâ ra t îon non
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separâtion none sepa ra t ion sepa
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Reglon Embryo Stagd cond¡t¡on Neu
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none none none none N) NJ .{ A A A
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contact/ none separatlon contact no
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Region Embryo Stage Conditlon Neura
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TABLE 38D. STAOE 17.20 CONTROL AND
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Reglon Embryo Stage Condition Neura
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428 72 20 closed covered none conta
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239 neural tissue ât the later sta
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241 The control group (Table 99 ) s
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TABLE 39. APPEARANCE OF I,'HOLE EI4
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TABLE 40. APPEARANCE OF }/HOLE EI"I
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closed closed c I osed c I osed c I
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249 6.6 pEVEL0PMENT 0F rH!_¡Ho|4gl
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Emb ryo Stage Rhombîc Roóf Neural
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CDE D'E DE CDE DE DE DE D BCD BC BC
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TABLE q6,. STAGE 17-20 CoNTRoI AND
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Figs- 10J - i11. Development of the
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Fî s. tub. Thick rhombic roof in 5
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Fig. 109 Hernbranous rhombic roof w
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260 6.7 HrqroLoctcAL, cHANgË Assoc
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TABLE 47. CONTROL EMBRYoS.HISTOLOGI
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0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 o 0 0 0 0 0 0 N
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42c 21 zo B c D E 0000 00 00 00 1\.
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l\t q\ 1oE 26 16 30E 59 16 3oE 77 1
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0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 N) .{ Embry
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l\) \l N D E 00 00 0 0 13.79 0 100
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N) \¡ \2E 72 20 E B c D' E 00 0 15
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46. 15 76.92 0 20.51 14.83 2i,92 53
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ECTODERM DISCONTINUITY IN EXPERIMEN
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279 ECTODERM DISCONTINUITY IN EXPER
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SOMITE SEPARATION IN EXPERIMENTAL E
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283 NOTOCHORD SEPARATION IN EXPERIM
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285 SOMITE DEFECTS IN EXPERIMENTAL
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287 and distr¡bfrtíon in the cont
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19.09 r8.95 r 1.84 14.82 15.20 0 17
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0 15. 89 81 .08 100 100 ' 76.92 0 1
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43. rB 100 100 0 12.53 74.07 r00 't
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7.t6 16.03 100 100 160 7.90 18.22 r
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Figs. 120'123. Percentage ie.ngths
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299 O\TERLAP ZONE IN EXPERIMENTAL E
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301 OVERLAP ZONE IN EXPERIMENTAL EM
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303 ând every tenth sectlon was ne
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30c 12 16 c 17707,61 2463.3\ 7.19 D
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Ratio NT/N 4 .90 4.11 6.17 7.14 6.9
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Rêtlo NT/N 4.go \.36 3 .44 3. 18 3
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6.7t 6.lt 4.63 4.60 4.13 3.48 hzE 5
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Fi9s, 124-127, Neurál tube-norocho
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315 NEURAL TUBE -NOTOCHORD RATIOS I
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317 NEURAL TUBE-NOTOCHORD RATIOS IN
Page 348 and 349:
319 TABLE 598 ' ANALYSIS OF VARIANC
Page 350 and 351: 321 TABLE 61., .NEURAL TISSUE/NOTOC
Page 352 and 353: 323 Apart f.rom the sîgnîficant d
Page 354 and 355: t25 7. Dlscusst0N 1'/i th progressi
Page 356 and 357: 327 C¡osure of the anterior neurop
Page 358 and 359: 329 the mid-polnts of the defects w
Page 360 and 361: 331 'c¡osure of the neural folds w
Page 362 and 363: 333 . These findings s.ugges r that
Page 364 and 365: 335 Lendon (1968, 1975) and notos (
Page 366 and 367: 337 Ferm, 1965; l"larin-Padi r ¡a,
Page 368 and 369: 339 Kôplan (1965) and Kaplan and G
Page 370 and 371: 341 reach the floor-plate; asymmetr
Page 372 and 373: 343 took up the label, shovri.ng th
Page 374 and 375: 345 The defects in early human embr
Page 376 and 377: 347 after pred¡cted closure (Lemî
Page 378 and 379: 349 hours could provide evidence fo
Page 380 and 381: 351 t971), Gal lus and Xenopus (l'l
Page 382 and 383: 353 1962i 1965). Barth and Barth.(1
Page 384 and 385: The result of any teratogen¡c insu
Page 386 and 387: 357 Uindowîlg at ear¡y stages of
Page 388 and 389: SUHHARY AND CONCLUS I ONS
Page 390 and 391: 361 separatlon between the neural p
Page 392 and 393: 363 APPENDIX A Preparatlon of Early
Page 394 and 395: 365 APPENDIX B Stainl.ng of Carti l
Page 396 and 397: 367 10, BIBLIOGRAPHY, Alter, l.,l.
Page 398 and 399: 369 Braun, l'{. (1882). entwicklung
Page 402 and 403: 373 dqs anomal ies de lrorganizatio
Page 404 and 405: 375 Heath, H.D., Shear, H.H., lm€
Page 406 and 407: 377 Jel inek, R. (1960). Developmen
Page 408 and 409: 379 Laurence, K.14. (1964). Thé na
Page 410 and 411: 381 McKeown, T. and Record, R.G.(19
Page 412 and 413: Penrose, L. S.(1957). Genetics of a
Page 414 and 415: 385 Russell, H.E. and A¡ tken' G.T
Page 416 and 417: 387 Spemann, H. (1938). Embryonic D
Page 418 and 419: 389 lJeed, ¡.H. (1937 -38'). M.nin
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