Studies on Panini's grammar - DWC

The grammar of the indeclinables 19
an object, and the 'intentional' 1) relation in the psychical acts of wishing,
seeing, hearing, fearing etc. In PäI).ini's definition the 'intentional' relation
is considered to be primary, which at all events is an interesting conception.
§ 23. T h e käl'aka ~ t h e 0 r y a n d t h e u s e 0 f t hen 0 u n~
cases (SP. 1. .4,23-55 and 2, 3, l~fin.).
When making the käraka~theory the basis of the case~syntax PäI).ini
attributes the apädäna to the ablative or 5th case (2, 3, 28), the saT!lpra~
däna to the 4th case (13), the karaTJa to the 3d (18). the adhikaraTJ.a to the
7th (36). the karman to the 2d case (2) 'uniess. the karman is already
expressed otherwise' (anabhihite. supplemented from su. 1). i.e. unless
expressed by the termination of a passive verb, and the kartar to the 3d
case or instrumental (su. 18) 'unless the kartar is already expressed other~
wise' (sü. 1). i.e. unless the active person or thing is expressed by the
termination of a not~passive and not~impersonal verb.
From the analysis given up to th is point. two conclusions can be drawn.
In the Brst place the nominative and genitive are only indirectly connected
with this käraka~theory (see 2.3.46 and 50. and §§ 25 sq.). Secondly the
order in the two passages 1. 4. 23-55 and 2. 3. l~fin . differs much. for
when attributing to the kärakas the cipher of the cases which generally
correspond to each of them and to the kartar the letter q as index. the
order of the käraka~passage appears to be 5. 4. 3. 7. 2. q and the order of
the sup~passage 2. 4, 3. 5, 7. 1,6 (see the sütras 2. 13. 18 etc. of 2 pä. 3).
The seconQ arrangement is in the main based on the morphological order
( 1. 2. 3 etc~) with three permutations. the postposition of 1 and 6 because
of their standing aloof from the kärakas and the interchange of 3 and 4
owing to mnemotechnical reasons, sû. 12 mentioning verbs which allow a
dative or an accusative and su. 14 explaining how a dative sometimes
expresses the karman or ipsita (1. 4. 49). namely when the expressed
verbal notion mentioning the auxiliary act 'defines' or 'circumlimits' the
implied verbal notion of the act aimed at 2): for instanee in the sentence
edhebhyo vrajati = edhän ähartuT!l vrajati. the expressed notion of the
subsidiary act of going is an upapada to the implied notion of the bringing.
which latter act has the fuel as its karman. Thus the 2d and 4th cases are
brought into close conÎlection.
Not e. Bhäva e x pre s s e d b y t h e vibhakti 0 f a ver b. -
Whereas (1) the termination of the active or middle voice of a causative
expresses specially the hetu (1. 4. 55). (2) the active or middle voice of a
non~causative verb the kartar (54) and (3) the passive form of a transitive
verb the karman (49) S). on the other hand the vibhakti of the passive
voice of an intransitive verb expresses the mere occurrenee or bhäva (SP.
L 3. 13 and the examples given by the Käsikä: g~äyate bhavatä, supyate
bhavatä. äsyate bhavatä).
1) The term Is borrowed from Brentano's psychology. see Binswanger's 'Probleme'.
t) Cf. f 34.
a) BöhtUngk's addition: "der Begriff des Accusativs" Is misleading.