National Amphetamine-Type Stimulant Strategy Background Paper

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118 Table 6.1: Number of clandestine laboratory detections by state and territory, 96/97-05/06 NSW VIC QLD SA WA TAS NT ACT Total 1996-97 a – – – – – – – – 58 1997-98 19 9 55 7 3 2 0 0 95 1998-99 20 4 83 12 8 0 2 2 131 1999-2000 20 18 79 14 17 0 1 1 150 2000-01 42 32 77 24 22 1 3 0 201 2001-02 32 24 138 32 22 3 1 0 252 2002-03 47 19 171 34 36 2 3 2 314 2003-04 61 20 189 48 33 1 6 0 358 2004-05 45 31 209 25b 44 3 21 3 381 2005-06 55 47 161 50 58 5 12 2 390 a. Jurisdictional breakdown unavailable for 1996-97. Source: ACC, Illicit Drug Data Report 2005-06, Canberra: ACC 6.3 Precursor regulation National initiatives The nature of the synthetic illicit drug trade is such that law enforcement and policing strategies are becoming increasingly focused on precursor substances and equipment; not just the end products of the drugs themselves. In many countries, this has taken the form of increasingly strict precursor regulations including: • Criminalising the supply of precursor chemicals for the use of ATS production; • Limiting the amount of licit drugs allowed to be purchased in pharmacies and over-thecounter; • Restricting the international and intra-national movement of large quantities of precursor chemicals; and • Attempting to monitor the movement and supply of drugs that can be utilised in the production of ATS (Cherney et al., 2006). The National Strategy to Prevent the Diversion of Precursor Chemicals into Illicit Drug Manufacture (the “National Precursor Strategy”) provides the strategic framework for the initiatives undertaken by the National Working Group on the Prevention of the Diversion of Precursor Chemicals into Illicit Drug Manufacture (the “National Precursor Working Group”). Comprised of representatives of state and territory, health agencies, forensic services and the private sector this forum is a key mechanism for formulating effective cross-sector, nationally coordinated and consistent responses to precursor diversion (see Table 6.2).
119 Key projects include: • The rescheduling of pseudoephedrine; • National Clandestine Laboratory Database; • Community pharmacy sector awareness raising about ‘pseudo-running’: • The national roll-out of Project STOP; • National framework for the control of precursor chemicals; • National framework for the remediation of clandestine laboratory sites; and • Training for Customs officers and forensic specialists. The National Chemical Diversion Congress provides a national forum for representatives from key sectors—police health, forensics, industry and policy—to discuss all matters relevant to controlling the diversion of precursor chemicals and responding to domestic illicit drug manufacture. Many of the consultations made reference to the importance of precursor control and the various strategies required. For example, it was stated that intelligence was improved by more dedicated forensic analysis of drugs and a wider application of the Drug Use Monitoring in Australia (DUMA) program. Further, the National Clandestine Laboratory Database was viewed as a good first step, provided the information obtained was timely and useful. The written submission from NDARC noted that: Concurrent sustained efforts to control domestic diversion of precursor chemicals and manufacture is also needed, because of the high levels of domestic production that occur within Australia. Legislative responses Typically, the chemicals sought after to produce ATS are pseudoephedrine and ephedrine (Schloenhardt, 2007), which have a number of legitimate uses, and are commonly available from pharmacies and supermarkets. In Australia, such precursor chemicals are regulated by drug laws in both state and federal jurisdictions (Schloenhardt, 2007). The submission from NDARC commented that: Improved capacity to regulate precursor chemicals and control ATS supply in the Asia Pacific region is needed to reduce the supply of high purity methamphetamine in Australia. In 1998, the Model Criminal Code Committee of the Standing Committee of Attorney- Generals published its report on model serious drug offences. The report arose from concerns that within a mobile society like Australia, organised crime involving illicit drugs transcends state and national boundaries and people may be treated differently in different jurisdictions. Therefore: there is a persuasive case for uniformity in the definition of serious offences such as drug trafficking (p.ii).
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National Amphetamine-Type Stimulant
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ii Acknowledgments This research wo
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iv Table of contents Acknowledgemen
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vi List of tables Table 1.1: Amphet
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viii
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2 The NDS framework and the Law Enf
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4 Table 1.1: Amphetamine-type stimu
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6 particularly on the Pacific Coast
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8 Figure 1.1: MDMA (ecstasy) tablet
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10 a 10-year period. While some of
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12 Figure 1.4: Forms of methampheta
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14 Figure 1.5: Median purity of met
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16 As noted, the route of administr
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18 Chapter 2: Setting the Context T
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20 Figure 2.2: Prevalence of ecstas
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22 19 years (Dunn et al., 2007). Th
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24 The use of MDMA among police det
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26 this survey is conducted with th
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28 models might be useful. On the o
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30 the questionnaire in February 20
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32 2.5 Summary According to the lat
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34 anxiety, agitation, tremor, teet
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36 may be stronger than the link wi
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38 Srisurapanot and colleagues (200
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40 Psychiatric problems appear to o
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42 In 2005, there was a total of 68
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44 The most recent EDRS survey foun
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46 same reasons they use the drugs
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48 Shoptaw and Reback (2007) review
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50 It has also been speculated that
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52 Parental ATS use In addition to
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54 The Minnesota Department of Heal
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56 Chapter 4: Prevention and Harm R
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58 should cover the full range of d
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60 specific drug (Spoth et al., 200
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62 be applied regularly and systema
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64 Strategies targeting vulnerable
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66 Examples of particular periods t
Page 78 and 79: 68 At-risk workplaces There is incr
Page 80 and 81: 70 The consultation forum with Abor
Page 82 and 83: 72 young people was noted in the su
Page 84 and 85: 74 and/or others); mental health ef
Page 86 and 87: 76 of the fact that frequently peop
Page 88 and 89: 78 Sexual risk behaviour is a furth
Page 90 and 91: 80 • Cleaning up; • Transport o
Page 92 and 93: 82 Assessing the risks of illicitly
Page 94 and 95: 84 4.4 Challenges of applying preve
Page 96 and 97: 86 but a number of studies are now
Page 98 and 99: 88 The pack included a video, train
Page 100 and 101: 90 Chapter 5: Treatment and Service
Page 102 and 103: 92 to the occurrence of amphetamine
Page 104 and 105: 94 In relation to the need for spec
Page 106 and 107: 96 These studies replicate earlier
Page 108 and 109: 98 addressed not only the drug user
Page 110 and 111: 100 Research conducted in the subse
Page 112 and 113: 102 users, data that may be general
Page 114 and 115: 104 that limit brain exposure to me
Page 116 and 117: 106 only significant difference was
Page 118 and 119: 108 through the use of antipsychoti
Page 120 and 121: 110 to develop the capacity of the
Page 122 and 123: 112 It was also suggested that link
Page 124 and 125: 114 as new evidence emerges. New ps
Page 126 and 127: 116 border in 2000 (McKetin et al.,
Page 130 and 131: 120 Table 6.2: Examples of domestic
Page 132 and 133: 122 Tasmania In 2004, strengthened
Page 134 and 135: 124 Recommendations from the consul
Page 136 and 137: 126 Although there are a number of
Page 138 and 139: 128 illegal drugs. When incarcerate
Page 140 and 141: 130 heroin) (Payne et al., 2007). I
Page 142 and 143: 132 Some examples of diversion prog
Page 144 and 145: 134 Other research has compared psy
Page 146 and 147: 136 Rehabilitation in Corrections T
Page 148 and 149: 138 Synthetic Drugs measure will im
Page 150 and 151: 140 • Stealing from motor vehicle
Page 152 and 153: 142 criminal offences There continu
Page 154 and 155: 144 • Increase international coll
Page 156 and 157: 146 • Ensuring offence and penalt
Page 158 and 159: 148 Law enforcement agencies are pl
Page 160 and 161: 150 Appendix 1 National consultatio
Page 162 and 163: 152 Appendix 2 Written submissions
Page 164 and 165: 154 Australian Institute of Health
Page 166 and 167: 156 Bowers, J. & Johnson, S. (2003)
Page 168 and 169: 158 Crits-Christoph, P., Siqueland,
Page 170 and 171: 160 Drug & Alcohol Services South A
Page 172 and 173: 162 Halkitis, P.N., Parsons, J.T.,
Page 174 and 175: 164 Hull, P., Rawstorne, P., Zablot
Page 176 and 177: 166 Leek, L., Seneque, D., & Ward,
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168 McKetin, R., McLaren, J., Kelly
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170 NSW Health (2006). Psychostimul
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172 Ressler, K.J., & Nemeroff, C.B.
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174 Small, W., Kerr, T., Charette,
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176 United Nations Office for Drug
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National Amphetamine-Type Stimulant Strategy Background Paper

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