National Amphetamine-Type Stimulant Strategy Background Paper

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80 • Cleaning up; • Transport options, traffic management and signage; • Insurance; and • Consultation (DASSA & SA Police, 2006). The Drug and Alcohol Services Council (DASC) in partnership with the Office of the Liquor and Gambling Commissioner, Australian Hotels Association (South Australian Branch), Clubs SA and South Australia Police targeted use in licensed venues in conducting the ‘Illicit Drugs and Licensed Premises’ project. The project aimed to reduce harms associated with illicit drug use in and around licensed premises by enhancing the ability of licensees to respond to illicit drug issues. The project led to development of a kit that included patron education resources, strategies for licensees to adopt to reduce the prevalence and associated harms of illicit drug use, answers to commonly asked questions, and a checklist of individual signs and symptoms of drug use. A successful pilot of the project was followed by distribution of 1000 kits to liquor licensees in 2002. These issues were also raised during consultations. It was proposed by a number of participants that entertainment venues should take more responsibility for looking after their patrons, for example, by providing water, and encouraging the presence of outreach workers in clubs and at dance event. Given that many ecstasy users do not come into contact with treatment services, targeting ecstasy users through peer education has also been utilised as a harm reduction strategy, as outlined earlier. Other harm reduction interventions have focused on information provision using various media to communicate information about particular risks. ‘Project E’, conducted in 1997, included the dissemination of brochures, fridge magnets and postcards providing information and advice to users. Street press, such as ‘Onion’ in South Australia and ‘Big Book on Party Drugs’ in Victoria have also been used to promote harm reduction messages. ‘Project E’, an ecstasy education kit was launched in 1997, and various information booklets are available such as ‘Rave Safe’ and ‘Ecstasy: Facts and Fiction’ (see Dillon, 2000). All these resources provide young people with information about the various drugs, the short- and long-term effects of use, associated risks, advice on how to increase the safety of use, and emergency responses to adverse effects (Stubbs et al., 2004). Finally, internet sites such as ‘Somazone’, ‘pillreports’ and ‘bluelight’ all provide information about drug content, the effects of ecstasy use, and how to reduce related problems. Unfortunately, as is the case across this area, comprehensive evaluation is limited and bold conclusions cannot be reached about the value of particular approaches. New research by Duff and colleagues (2007) aimed to explore the social and cultural context of use of ecstasy and related drugs (ERDs) in Victoria. Using a combined research methodology consisting of participant observation by field workers, interviews with current users, case studies of current and ex-users and key expert interviews, the researchers proposed several recommendations for both prevention and harm reduction approaches to ERDs, as follows. Recommendations for prevention strategies are:
81 1. Need to be sensitive to relevant cultural and contextual differences in relation to both populations and geographical regions; 2. Involve more extensive and meaningful peer-to-peer components by integrating initiatives into existing peer networks; 3. Include peer education strategies; 4. Messages about potential risks associated with use must be evidence-based and even-handed; 5. Emphasise the more ‘ordinary’ risks, such as social embarrassment, harm to relationships, comedown; 6. School-aged prevention strategies should retain abstinence focus, while adhering to the recommendations above; 7. Consider strategies to strengthen and improve communication between young people and their parents; 8. Make use of information networks of most relevance to young people, such as the internet and mobile information technologies; 9. Develop context-specific ERDs prevention materials (e.g., in bars and clubs, rural settings etc) further tailored to particular sexual and cultural communities; and 10. Need specialised materials tailored to young and novice members of clubbing and rave communities. Duff and colleagues (2007) also made the following recommendations for harm reduction strategies: 1. Focus on reducing the incidence and prevalence of polydrug use and binge ERDs use; 2. Pilot a ‘clubsafe’ initiative to deliver ERDs-specific harm reduction materials in nonrave settings (e.g., clubs and bars); 3. Continue collaboration with key stakeholders (e.g., club owners, DJs), including delivering harm reduction messages within venues; 4. Convene local club and bar stakeholder working groups to oversee and coordinate all local ERDs initiatives in licensed settings; 5. Undertake a formal pill-testing pilot in conjunction with Victoria Police Forensic Services; 6. Develop context-specific ERDs harm reduction materials (e.g., in bars and clubs, rural settings etc) further tailored to particular sexual and cultural communities; 7. Increase users’ awareness of the harms they are experiencing via delivery of a self assessment tool through the internet and general health services; 8. Tailor interventions according to different points in drug use career; and 9. Use a variety of formats, including improved electronic delivery.
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National Amphetamine-Type Stimulant
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ii Acknowledgments This research wo
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iv Table of contents Acknowledgemen
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vi List of tables Table 1.1: Amphet
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viii
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2 The NDS framework and the Law Enf
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4 Table 1.1: Amphetamine-type stimu
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6 particularly on the Pacific Coast
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8 Figure 1.1: MDMA (ecstasy) tablet
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10 a 10-year period. While some of
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12 Figure 1.4: Forms of methampheta
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14 Figure 1.5: Median purity of met
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16 As noted, the route of administr
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18 Chapter 2: Setting the Context T
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20 Figure 2.2: Prevalence of ecstas
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22 19 years (Dunn et al., 2007). Th
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24 The use of MDMA among police det
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26 this survey is conducted with th
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28 models might be useful. On the o
Page 40 and 41: 30 the questionnaire in February 20
Page 42 and 43: 32 2.5 Summary According to the lat
Page 44 and 45: 34 anxiety, agitation, tremor, teet
Page 46 and 47: 36 may be stronger than the link wi
Page 48 and 49: 38 Srisurapanot and colleagues (200
Page 50 and 51: 40 Psychiatric problems appear to o
Page 52 and 53: 42 In 2005, there was a total of 68
Page 54 and 55: 44 The most recent EDRS survey foun
Page 56 and 57: 46 same reasons they use the drugs
Page 58 and 59: 48 Shoptaw and Reback (2007) review
Page 60 and 61: 50 It has also been speculated that
Page 62 and 63: 52 Parental ATS use In addition to
Page 64 and 65: 54 The Minnesota Department of Heal
Page 66 and 67: 56 Chapter 4: Prevention and Harm R
Page 68 and 69: 58 should cover the full range of d
Page 70 and 71: 60 specific drug (Spoth et al., 200
Page 72 and 73: 62 be applied regularly and systema
Page 74 and 75: 64 Strategies targeting vulnerable
Page 76 and 77: 66 Examples of particular periods t
Page 78 and 79: 68 At-risk workplaces There is incr
Page 80 and 81: 70 The consultation forum with Abor
Page 82 and 83: 72 young people was noted in the su
Page 84 and 85: 74 and/or others); mental health ef
Page 86 and 87: 76 of the fact that frequently peop
Page 88 and 89: 78 Sexual risk behaviour is a furth
Page 92 and 93: 82 Assessing the risks of illicitly
Page 94 and 95: 84 4.4 Challenges of applying preve
Page 96 and 97: 86 but a number of studies are now
Page 98 and 99: 88 The pack included a video, train
Page 100 and 101: 90 Chapter 5: Treatment and Service
Page 102 and 103: 92 to the occurrence of amphetamine
Page 104 and 105: 94 In relation to the need for spec
Page 106 and 107: 96 These studies replicate earlier
Page 108 and 109: 98 addressed not only the drug user
Page 110 and 111: 100 Research conducted in the subse
Page 112 and 113: 102 users, data that may be general
Page 114 and 115: 104 that limit brain exposure to me
Page 116 and 117: 106 only significant difference was
Page 118 and 119: 108 through the use of antipsychoti
Page 120 and 121: 110 to develop the capacity of the
Page 122 and 123: 112 It was also suggested that link
Page 124 and 125: 114 as new evidence emerges. New ps
Page 126 and 127: 116 border in 2000 (McKetin et al.,
Page 128 and 129: 118 Table 6.1: Number of clandestin
Page 130 and 131: 120 Table 6.2: Examples of domestic
Page 132 and 133: 122 Tasmania In 2004, strengthened
Page 134 and 135: 124 Recommendations from the consul
Page 136 and 137: 126 Although there are a number of
Page 138 and 139: 128 illegal drugs. When incarcerate
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130 heroin) (Payne et al., 2007). I
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132 Some examples of diversion prog
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134 Other research has compared psy
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136 Rehabilitation in Corrections T
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138 Synthetic Drugs measure will im
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140 • Stealing from motor vehicle
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142 criminal offences There continu
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144 • Increase international coll
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146 • Ensuring offence and penalt
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148 Law enforcement agencies are pl
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150 Appendix 1 National consultatio
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152 Appendix 2 Written submissions
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154 Australian Institute of Health
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156 Bowers, J. & Johnson, S. (2003)
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158 Crits-Christoph, P., Siqueland,
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160 Drug & Alcohol Services South A
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162 Halkitis, P.N., Parsons, J.T.,
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164 Hull, P., Rawstorne, P., Zablot
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166 Leek, L., Seneque, D., & Ward,
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168 McKetin, R., McLaren, J., Kelly
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170 NSW Health (2006). Psychostimul
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172 Ressler, K.J., & Nemeroff, C.B.
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174 Small, W., Kerr, T., Charette,
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176 United Nations Office for Drug
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