National Amphetamine-Type Stimulant Strategy Background Paper

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70 The consultation forum with Aboriginal alcohol and drug workers in Western Australia conducted by the Drug and Alcohol Office, and submitted to the ATS <strong>Strategy</strong> project team, resulted in the following recommendations in any approach to prevent and respond to ATS use among Indigenous people: • Need to strengthen aspects of Aboriginal identity, including families, culture and community capacity; • A holistic approach focusing on family and group interventions in appropriate settings should be used to address alcohol and other drug (AOD) use; • Develop specific strategies to support Aboriginal grandparents and others who are carers of children due to parental use; • Educate ATS users on harm reduction strategies, including prevention of blood borne virus transmission; • Develop youth specific treatment programs provided in a range of settings; • Improve coordination between AOD, mental health and acute health sectors in early detection and management of co-morbid mental health and AOD problems; • Need for workforce training programs to develop drug related and knowledge/skills of Aboriginal culture; • Improve shared case management between AOD, corrections and child safety agencies to enhance continuity of care and reduce barriers to accessing assistance; • Expand drug diversion programs for Aboriginal people in coordination with local Aboriginal communities; and • Incorporate aspects of Aboriginal culture and law into justice programs. Discussions at consultations regarding Indigenous communities indicated that patterns of ATS use and risk of use varied from community to community and it would be important to develop specific strategies at a local level, including core materials, to ensure relevance of the style and content of the intervention. Suggestions about the needs of Indigenous people included: • Identify and promote positive Indigenous role models for children, such as through a mentoring program; • Enlist the support and guidance of elders in the community; • Design specific, separate programs for men, women and children that involve activitybased, recreational activities and for some, “going bush”; • Develop parenting/carers programs that take place within the home; • Develop and implement programs that address socioeconomic factors related to unemployment and homelessness; and • Employ visual media when aiming programs at Indigenous people.
71 A number of organisations have been involved in developing responses that have specific relevance for Indigenous people and communities. For example, AIVL, in conjunction with the Australian Federation of AIDS Organisations (AFAO), conducted a consultation with Indigenous injecting drug users in response to evidence of an increase in HIV diagnoses in Indigenous communities. The project aimed to explore their experiences in view of developing a national campaign to address the issue of intravenous drug use by Indigenous people (Coupland et al., 2005). The West Australian Substance Users Association (WASUA) and Derbarl Yerrigan developed the video, Blood Relations: Injecting Drug Use and Hep C in Indigenous Communities to provide critical health information about blood awareness to the injecting community. The Top End Division of General Practice (Darwin NT) and CONGRESS (Alice Springs NT) are currently trialing initiatives that take into account mental well being and substance misuse in Indigenous communities. Indigenous comics and computer-based animation programs have been effective methods of communicating with children in the NT, particularly those with poor literacy and numeracy skills. Aboriginal Drug and Alcohol Council (ADAC) have been funded by the Office for Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Health (OATSIH) to develop a comic, brochure and web presence on crystal methamphetamine. Parents and families Consultations also raised the issue that parents/carers and families have limited knowledge about patterns of use and particular risks associated with use. In addition, many have remained unclear about the various treatment and other options for intervention. As potential sources of support for a drug user, families that are wellinformed can be an effective site for intervention. In addition to being knowledgeable about the effects of drugs and associated drugs, families may also need information on where to get help and how to access support services. It is therefore important that information is made available on a wider level so that those affected indirectly by ATS use have a better understanding of the issues and available resources. Discussions during the consultations highlighted the need for support and help for families. This was stated not only in relation to assisting a family member who is a consumer, but also for family members to access support for themselves as someone affected by another’s ATS use. Thus, families need information about what services are available, treatment options and opportunities for respite. Particular mention was made in regards to Indigenous families and the large number of grandparents caring for children due to parental use. Issues of poverty, threats of violence, and a sense of despair and desperation often permeate these circumstances and there is heightened need for support. In all consultations it was noted that parents/carers/families needed enhanced access to information (warning signs, drug types etc), knowledge of available services for their children and, in some cases, how to get support themselves. This is a particular issue with some ATS because it was noted that some of the behavioural and mental health problems accompanying ATS use created particular problems for families. It was observed that parents represent a resource and support for their adolescent children and can be used in this capacity to prevent ATS use in the first instance and help children who have already begun to use. The need to strengthen and improve communication between parents and
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National Amphetamine-Type Stimulant
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ii Acknowledgments This research wo
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iv Table of contents Acknowledgemen
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vi List of tables Table 1.1: Amphet
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viii
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2 The NDS framework and the Law Enf
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4 Table 1.1: Amphetamine-type stimu
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6 particularly on the Pacific Coast
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8 Figure 1.1: MDMA (ecstasy) tablet
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10 a 10-year period. While some of
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12 Figure 1.4: Forms of methampheta
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14 Figure 1.5: Median purity of met
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16 As noted, the route of administr
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18 Chapter 2: Setting the Context T
Page 30 and 31: 20 Figure 2.2: Prevalence of ecstas
Page 32 and 33: 22 19 years (Dunn et al., 2007). Th
Page 34 and 35: 24 The use of MDMA among police det
Page 36 and 37: 26 this survey is conducted with th
Page 38 and 39: 28 models might be useful. On the o
Page 40 and 41: 30 the questionnaire in February 20
Page 42 and 43: 32 2.5 Summary According to the lat
Page 44 and 45: 34 anxiety, agitation, tremor, teet
Page 46 and 47: 36 may be stronger than the link wi
Page 48 and 49: 38 Srisurapanot and colleagues (200
Page 50 and 51: 40 Psychiatric problems appear to o
Page 52 and 53: 42 In 2005, there was a total of 68
Page 54 and 55: 44 The most recent EDRS survey foun
Page 56 and 57: 46 same reasons they use the drugs
Page 58 and 59: 48 Shoptaw and Reback (2007) review
Page 60 and 61: 50 It has also been speculated that
Page 62 and 63: 52 Parental ATS use In addition to
Page 64 and 65: 54 The Minnesota Department of Heal
Page 66 and 67: 56 Chapter 4: Prevention and Harm R
Page 68 and 69: 58 should cover the full range of d
Page 70 and 71: 60 specific drug (Spoth et al., 200
Page 72 and 73: 62 be applied regularly and systema
Page 74 and 75: 64 Strategies targeting vulnerable
Page 76 and 77: 66 Examples of particular periods t
Page 78 and 79: 68 At-risk workplaces There is incr
Page 82 and 83: 72 young people was noted in the su
Page 84 and 85: 74 and/or others); mental health ef
Page 86 and 87: 76 of the fact that frequently peop
Page 88 and 89: 78 Sexual risk behaviour is a furth
Page 90 and 91: 80 • Cleaning up; • Transport o
Page 92 and 93: 82 Assessing the risks of illicitly
Page 94 and 95: 84 4.4 Challenges of applying preve
Page 96 and 97: 86 but a number of studies are now
Page 98 and 99: 88 The pack included a video, train
Page 100 and 101: 90 Chapter 5: Treatment and Service
Page 102 and 103: 92 to the occurrence of amphetamine
Page 104 and 105: 94 In relation to the need for spec
Page 106 and 107: 96 These studies replicate earlier
Page 108 and 109: 98 addressed not only the drug user
Page 110 and 111: 100 Research conducted in the subse
Page 112 and 113: 102 users, data that may be general
Page 114 and 115: 104 that limit brain exposure to me
Page 116 and 117: 106 only significant difference was
Page 118 and 119: 108 through the use of antipsychoti
Page 120 and 121: 110 to develop the capacity of the
Page 122 and 123: 112 It was also suggested that link
Page 124 and 125: 114 as new evidence emerges. New ps
Page 126 and 127: 116 border in 2000 (McKetin et al.,
Page 128 and 129: 118 Table 6.1: Number of clandestin
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120 Table 6.2: Examples of domestic
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122 Tasmania In 2004, strengthened
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124 Recommendations from the consul
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126 Although there are a number of
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128 illegal drugs. When incarcerate
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130 heroin) (Payne et al., 2007). I
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132 Some examples of diversion prog
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134 Other research has compared psy
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136 Rehabilitation in Corrections T
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138 Synthetic Drugs measure will im
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140 • Stealing from motor vehicle
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142 criminal offences There continu
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144 • Increase international coll
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146 • Ensuring offence and penalt
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148 Law enforcement agencies are pl
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150 Appendix 1 National consultatio
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152 Appendix 2 Written submissions
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154 Australian Institute of Health
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156 Bowers, J. & Johnson, S. (2003)
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158 Crits-Christoph, P., Siqueland,
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160 Drug & Alcohol Services South A
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162 Halkitis, P.N., Parsons, J.T.,
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164 Hull, P., Rawstorne, P., Zablot
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166 Leek, L., Seneque, D., & Ward,
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168 McKetin, R., McLaren, J., Kelly
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170 NSW Health (2006). Psychostimul
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172 Ressler, K.J., & Nemeroff, C.B.
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174 Small, W., Kerr, T., Charette,
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176 United Nations Office for Drug
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National Amphetamine-Type Stimulant Strategy Background Paper

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