National Amphetamine-Type Stimulant Strategy Background Paper

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146 • Ensuring offence and penalty provisions remain appropriate in light of emerging ATS trends and threats, including appropriate coverage of possession and use of precursor chemicals and equipment for the purpose of manufacturing ATS; exposure of children to clandestine laboratories; use of children for trafficking ATS; and sale of ATS to children; • Review the regulations surrounding the sale of devices used for ATS consumption; • Support the work of the <strong>National</strong> Scheduling Committee; and • Ensure law enforcement has appropriate powers to respond to the ongoing and evolving ATS threat. v. Stronger focus on the need to strengthen community resilience and resistance to ATS manufacture, use and its harms: • In partnership with other sectors of government and the community, support the development and, where appropriate, the delivery of community prevention/ intervention measures that acknowledge and address origins of poor health and risk health behaviours at all levels (individual, family, community and across the population). This includes neighbourhood building/community regeneration strategies and projects; crime prevention through environmental design projects; school-based drug education and social influence programs; at-risk youth, early intervention and mentoring programs; and parenting skills programs; • Ensure, wherever possible, that law enforcement policies, programs and activities effectively link with health, education and other government policies and programs; • Ensure partnership with correctional and juvenile justice authorities and other sectors of government and the community, support the development and delivery of education programs for prisoners and juvenile detainees about the dangers and risks of ATS use and programs that build resilience and life skills/opportunities; and • Ensure police and corrective services are aware of particular prevention/early intervention programs available to local communities and individuals and that, wherever possible, appropriate linkages and protocols are in place to facilitate referral to relevant agencies. Priority Area 3: Preventing harms associated with ATS Law enforcement agencies are continuing to play a greater role in the implementation of harm reduction initiatives. This may take the form of providing access to drug diversion programs for minor offenders, drug driving responses, and responding to violence and property offences which arise from the use of ATS. The priority area promotes responses consistent with the role of police as first responders to the results of ATS use, trafficking and manufacture on individuals and the community. Within this there is a need to prevent adverse health impacts of clandestine laboratories both to first responders and the community. The following objectives and related activities are recommended:
147 i. Support for the use of the Illicit Drug Diversion Initiative (IDDI): • Support a review of the effectiveness of the IDDI in terms of the criteria adopted for participation, the availability of treatment and education responses, the participation rate and outcomes for participants; • Ensure adequate training of police in the use and benefits of the IDDI; • Support a review of the level of integration of IDDI with existing drug and alcohol programs; and • Educate offenders and the community about the benefits of IDDI. ii. Reduce personal and social disruption leading to an increased quality of life, reduced loss of life, reduced loss of productivity and other economic costs associated with ATS use: • Train police and other emergency responders to deal with individuals exhibiting violent and erratic behaviour—who may be affected by ATS—in a way that limits harm to themselves and others; • As appropriate, establish effective mechanisms to enable the dissemination of information about emerging ATS issues and associated risks; • Continued evaluation of drug driving initiatives with a view to national adoption; and • Ensure training for law enforcement officers is adequate to safely identify and handle precursor chemicals and ATS. iii. Improve the national response to seized clandestine laboratories to prevent harms: • Implement as appropriate, the national guidelines to assist Jurisdictional responses to clandestine drug laboratories, and review as necessary; • Ensure training for law enforcement and other emergency responders is adequate to safely respond to ATS risks including entering and dismantling clandestine laboratories, identification and proper handling of precursor chemicals; • Provide input and leadership into the development a national framework for remediating clandestine laboratory sites; and • Establish effective collaborative linkages or protocols with child protection agencies for the provision of medical checks and care for children found at seized clandestine laboratories. Priority Area 4: Responding to harms associated with ATS Evidence continues to grow about the serious physical and mental harms associated with ATS consumption and manufacture. The availability of treatment services for users of illicit drugs is essential to meeting this challenge. While preventing the uptake of harmful drug use is vital, it is also essential to provide treatment services for people who experience drugrelated problems or who are drug dependent.
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National Amphetamine-Type Stimulant
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ii Acknowledgments This research wo
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iv Table of contents Acknowledgemen
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vi List of tables Table 1.1: Amphet
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viii
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2 The NDS framework and the Law Enf
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4 Table 1.1: Amphetamine-type stimu
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6 particularly on the Pacific Coast
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8 Figure 1.1: MDMA (ecstasy) tablet
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10 a 10-year period. While some of
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12 Figure 1.4: Forms of methampheta
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14 Figure 1.5: Median purity of met
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16 As noted, the route of administr
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18 Chapter 2: Setting the Context T
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20 Figure 2.2: Prevalence of ecstas
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22 19 years (Dunn et al., 2007). Th
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24 The use of MDMA among police det
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26 this survey is conducted with th
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28 models might be useful. On the o
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30 the questionnaire in February 20
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32 2.5 Summary According to the lat
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34 anxiety, agitation, tremor, teet
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36 may be stronger than the link wi
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38 Srisurapanot and colleagues (200
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40 Psychiatric problems appear to o
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42 In 2005, there was a total of 68
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44 The most recent EDRS survey foun
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46 same reasons they use the drugs
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48 Shoptaw and Reback (2007) review
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50 It has also been speculated that
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52 Parental ATS use In addition to
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54 The Minnesota Department of Heal
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56 Chapter 4: Prevention and Harm R
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58 should cover the full range of d
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60 specific drug (Spoth et al., 200
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62 be applied regularly and systema
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64 Strategies targeting vulnerable
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66 Examples of particular periods t
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68 At-risk workplaces There is incr
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70 The consultation forum with Abor
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72 young people was noted in the su
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74 and/or others); mental health ef
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76 of the fact that frequently peop
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78 Sexual risk behaviour is a furth
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80 • Cleaning up; • Transport o
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82 Assessing the risks of illicitly
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84 4.4 Challenges of applying preve
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86 but a number of studies are now
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88 The pack included a video, train
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90 Chapter 5: Treatment and Service
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92 to the occurrence of amphetamine
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94 In relation to the need for spec
Page 106 and 107: 96 These studies replicate earlier
Page 108 and 109: 98 addressed not only the drug user
Page 110 and 111: 100 Research conducted in the subse
Page 112 and 113: 102 users, data that may be general
Page 114 and 115: 104 that limit brain exposure to me
Page 116 and 117: 106 only significant difference was
Page 118 and 119: 108 through the use of antipsychoti
Page 120 and 121: 110 to develop the capacity of the
Page 122 and 123: 112 It was also suggested that link
Page 124 and 125: 114 as new evidence emerges. New ps
Page 126 and 127: 116 border in 2000 (McKetin et al.,
Page 128 and 129: 118 Table 6.1: Number of clandestin
Page 130 and 131: 120 Table 6.2: Examples of domestic
Page 132 and 133: 122 Tasmania In 2004, strengthened
Page 134 and 135: 124 Recommendations from the consul
Page 136 and 137: 126 Although there are a number of
Page 138 and 139: 128 illegal drugs. When incarcerate
Page 140 and 141: 130 heroin) (Payne et al., 2007). I
Page 142 and 143: 132 Some examples of diversion prog
Page 144 and 145: 134 Other research has compared psy
Page 146 and 147: 136 Rehabilitation in Corrections T
Page 148 and 149: 138 Synthetic Drugs measure will im
Page 150 and 151: 140 • Stealing from motor vehicle
Page 152 and 153: 142 criminal offences There continu
Page 154 and 155: 144 • Increase international coll
Page 158 and 159: 148 Law enforcement agencies are pl
Page 160 and 161: 150 Appendix 1 National consultatio
Page 162 and 163: 152 Appendix 2 Written submissions
Page 164 and 165: 154 Australian Institute of Health
Page 166 and 167: 156 Bowers, J. & Johnson, S. (2003)
Page 168 and 169: 158 Crits-Christoph, P., Siqueland,
Page 170 and 171: 160 Drug & Alcohol Services South A
Page 172 and 173: 162 Halkitis, P.N., Parsons, J.T.,
Page 174 and 175: 164 Hull, P., Rawstorne, P., Zablot
Page 176 and 177: 166 Leek, L., Seneque, D., & Ward,
Page 178 and 179: 168 McKetin, R., McLaren, J., Kelly
Page 180 and 181: 170 NSW Health (2006). Psychostimul
Page 182 and 183: 172 Ressler, K.J., & Nemeroff, C.B.
Page 184 and 185: 174 Small, W., Kerr, T., Charette,
Page 186 and 187: 176 United Nations Office for Drug
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National Amphetamine-Type Stimulant Strategy Background Paper

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