National Amphetamine-Type Stimulant Strategy Background Paper

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140 • Stealing from motor vehicle decreased by 24.8%; • Robbery with a weapon other than a firearm decreased by 7.1%; • Robbery without a weapon decreased by 4.9%; and, • Weapons offences in general decreased by 19.2%. Data from the NSW Recorded Crime Statistics for the years 2000-2006 in narcotics and cocaine possession/use and dealing/trafficking, and over the period 2002-2006 for amphetamine and MDMA possession/use and dealing/trafficking within fourteen Sydney NSW police statistical divisions, identify considerable variations across these divisions in terms of history of drug use and prevalence. However, trends and patterns emerging for the Fairfield-Liverpool statistical divisions in which Cabramatta is located, suggest in the absence of other evidence, that the interventions of the anti-drug strategy influenced patterns and trends in supply, distribution and use with regard to narcotics, cocaine and MDMA. The success of the interventions over time is less evident with regard to criminal incidents recorded for amphetamine. International collaborations The AFP has an extensive network of out-posted AFP Liaison Officers in 28 countries and collaborates with international partners through a range of mechanisms. This includes the activities of the Law Enforcement Co-operation Program (LECP), which focuses on building partnerships with overseas law enforcement agencies and the provision of precursor and clandestine laboratory investigative assistance to international police agencies. The AFP has also signed Memoranda of Understanding (MoUs) on Combating Transnational Crime and Enhancing Cooperation with various international law enforcement agencies. Australian Customs uses its network of international representatives to progress policy and operational initiatives in relation to ATS and their precursors. Australia has bilateral agreements with a number of overseas Customs administrations to enhance the exchange of information related to Customs activities including ATS-related matters. Customs provided illicit drug and explosive precursor detection and handling training to Indonesia Customs in 2005 and other law enforcement agencies in Malaysia and Philippines during 2006. Project PRISM is an international project aimed at preventing the diversion of chemical precursors used in the manufacture of ATS. The International Narcotics Control Board of the United Nations coordinates the project and Customs is the central national authority for Australia’s participation. Customs is also a member of the Project PRISM Task Force, the governing body of the Project. In this capacity, Customs acts as the regional focal point for Oceania. The South Pacific Precursor Control Forum (SPPCF) was initiated by Australia in 2007. It aims to contribute to preventing the manufacture of ATS and the diversion of precursor chemicals into illicit drug manufacture in the Pacific region. An agreement was reached between members to examine their existing precursor regulations as well as investigate their capacity for information sharing, forensic capability, technical assistance, public awareness and education. In the long term, it was agreed that the SPPCF should develop
141 a Regional Strategic Plan to respond to ATS and precursor control. The Asian Collaborative Group on Local Precursor Control (ACoG) was established in 2006. It aims to complement existing law enforcement initiatives in the region by focusing on best practice regulatory, administrative and legislative policies to prevent precursor diversion within national borders. 6.9 Priorities in law enforcement The issues of law enforcement form a substantive part of this background paper as they are fundamental to the principal aspects of ATS management in reducing supply, reducing demand, and minimising and ameliorating harmful effects. Major themes emerging from the consultations and submissions concerned legislation (Commonwealth, State and Territories), policy and policy implementation, and operational procedures as they apply to the day-to-day routine activities of law enforcement officers. The evidence of the information gathering process suggested a need for an inter-jurisdictional and coordinated response in these matters. There is also a need to ensure community understanding about the type of responses adopted by law enforcement in targeting ATS. The role of law enforcement has traditionally been viewed as reducing the supply of illicit drugs. Though supply reduction remains the principal focus for law enforcement, these agencies also play an important role in the development and delivery of demand and harm reduction strategies. As confirmed during the consultations, police have increasingly become involved in early intervention programs through the referral of illicit drug users to health and welfare agencies under the Illicit Drug Diversion Initiative. They have also moved towards the implementation of non-criminal justice related outcomes for minor drug offenders. In 2007, Australian law enforcement agencies developed a national policy framework to assist in promoting a coordinated and integrated response to the harms and challenges presented by ATS. The resulting strategy represents a holistic law enforcement approach to ATS, emphasising, for example, the important role played by law enforcement officers in supporting the development and delivery of education programs, dealing with drug affected individuals, and facilitating the entry of drug users into treatment plans and diversion schemes. The aim of the strategy is to improve social, economic and health outcomes by preventing the production, consumption and trafficking of ATS, and reducing the harmful effects of ATS on the Australian community. The strategy aims to realise three outcomes: • Reduced availability of ATS in Australia; • Reduced demand for ATS in Australia; and • Reduced impact of ATS on individuals, families, and communities. Throughout the consultations with law enforcement agencies, strong support was given to the framework. As a result, the framework was wholly adopted in this background paper which is consistent with the Ministerial Council on Drug Strategy (MCDS) decision in 2006. The priority areas identified in the Law Enforcement Component of the National ATS Strategy 2006-2009 as approved by the MCDS are as follows. Priority Area 1: Community Understanding of ATS manner of manufacture and
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National Amphetamine-Type Stimulant
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ii Acknowledgments This research wo
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iv Table of contents Acknowledgemen
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vi List of tables Table 1.1: Amphet
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viii
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2 The NDS framework and the Law Enf
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4 Table 1.1: Amphetamine-type stimu
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6 particularly on the Pacific Coast
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8 Figure 1.1: MDMA (ecstasy) tablet
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10 a 10-year period. While some of
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12 Figure 1.4: Forms of methampheta
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14 Figure 1.5: Median purity of met
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16 As noted, the route of administr
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18 Chapter 2: Setting the Context T
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20 Figure 2.2: Prevalence of ecstas
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22 19 years (Dunn et al., 2007). Th
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24 The use of MDMA among police det
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26 this survey is conducted with th
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28 models might be useful. On the o
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30 the questionnaire in February 20
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32 2.5 Summary According to the lat
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34 anxiety, agitation, tremor, teet
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36 may be stronger than the link wi
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38 Srisurapanot and colleagues (200
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40 Psychiatric problems appear to o
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42 In 2005, there was a total of 68
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44 The most recent EDRS survey foun
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46 same reasons they use the drugs
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48 Shoptaw and Reback (2007) review
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50 It has also been speculated that
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52 Parental ATS use In addition to
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54 The Minnesota Department of Heal
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56 Chapter 4: Prevention and Harm R
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58 should cover the full range of d
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60 specific drug (Spoth et al., 200
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62 be applied regularly and systema
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64 Strategies targeting vulnerable
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66 Examples of particular periods t
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68 At-risk workplaces There is incr
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70 The consultation forum with Abor
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72 young people was noted in the su
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74 and/or others); mental health ef
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76 of the fact that frequently peop
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78 Sexual risk behaviour is a furth
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80 • Cleaning up; • Transport o
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82 Assessing the risks of illicitly
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84 4.4 Challenges of applying preve
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86 but a number of studies are now
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88 The pack included a video, train
Page 100 and 101: 90 Chapter 5: Treatment and Service
Page 102 and 103: 92 to the occurrence of amphetamine
Page 104 and 105: 94 In relation to the need for spec
Page 106 and 107: 96 These studies replicate earlier
Page 108 and 109: 98 addressed not only the drug user
Page 110 and 111: 100 Research conducted in the subse
Page 112 and 113: 102 users, data that may be general
Page 114 and 115: 104 that limit brain exposure to me
Page 116 and 117: 106 only significant difference was
Page 118 and 119: 108 through the use of antipsychoti
Page 120 and 121: 110 to develop the capacity of the
Page 122 and 123: 112 It was also suggested that link
Page 124 and 125: 114 as new evidence emerges. New ps
Page 126 and 127: 116 border in 2000 (McKetin et al.,
Page 128 and 129: 118 Table 6.1: Number of clandestin
Page 130 and 131: 120 Table 6.2: Examples of domestic
Page 132 and 133: 122 Tasmania In 2004, strengthened
Page 134 and 135: 124 Recommendations from the consul
Page 136 and 137: 126 Although there are a number of
Page 138 and 139: 128 illegal drugs. When incarcerate
Page 140 and 141: 130 heroin) (Payne et al., 2007). I
Page 142 and 143: 132 Some examples of diversion prog
Page 144 and 145: 134 Other research has compared psy
Page 146 and 147: 136 Rehabilitation in Corrections T
Page 148 and 149: 138 Synthetic Drugs measure will im
Page 152 and 153: 142 criminal offences There continu
Page 154 and 155: 144 • Increase international coll
Page 156 and 157: 146 • Ensuring offence and penalt
Page 158 and 159: 148 Law enforcement agencies are pl
Page 160 and 161: 150 Appendix 1 National consultatio
Page 162 and 163: 152 Appendix 2 Written submissions
Page 164 and 165: 154 Australian Institute of Health
Page 166 and 167: 156 Bowers, J. & Johnson, S. (2003)
Page 168 and 169: 158 Crits-Christoph, P., Siqueland,
Page 170 and 171: 160 Drug & Alcohol Services South A
Page 172 and 173: 162 Halkitis, P.N., Parsons, J.T.,
Page 174 and 175: 164 Hull, P., Rawstorne, P., Zablot
Page 176 and 177: 166 Leek, L., Seneque, D., & Ward,
Page 178 and 179: 168 McKetin, R., McLaren, J., Kelly
Page 180 and 181: 170 NSW Health (2006). Psychostimul
Page 182 and 183: 172 Ressler, K.J., & Nemeroff, C.B.
Page 184 and 185: 174 Small, W., Kerr, T., Charette,
Page 186 and 187: 176 United Nations Office for Drug
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