National Amphetamine-Type Stimulant Strategy Background Paper

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ii Acknowledgments This research would not have been possible without the assistance and support provided by a diverse range of stakeholders who provided both verbal and written submissions to this report. Many attended public consultations and provided helpful follow-up material. The authors are especially grateful to those users of amphetamine-type stimulants who provided invaluable insights on their own personal use and possible avenues for prevention and treatment. The assistance of Ms Jenny McLaren from the National Drug and Alcohol Research Centre (NDARC, UNSW) in providing advice based on development of the National Cannabis Strategy is greatly appreciated. The guidance and support of Mr Peter Rogers and Mr Jeremy Williams from the Australian Government Department of Health and Ageing is acknowledged. Finally, thanks are extended to NDRI and AIC colleagues who provided valuable assistance throughout the project and the preparation of this report. Disclaimer This research paper does not necessarily reflect the policy position of the Australian Commonwealth Government.
iii Abbreviations ABS ACC ACON ACT AFP AIC AIHW ANCD AOSD ASSAD ATS BOCSAR COAG DUCO DUMA EDRS GLBT HIV IDDI IDRS IDU IGCD MCDS MDMA NAPID NATSIHS NCADA NDARC NDLERF NDRI NDS NDSHS NMDS NSW NT PDI REU SA WA Australian Bureau of Statistics Australian Crime Commission AIDS Council of New South Wales Australian Capital Territory Australian Federal Police Australian Institute of Criminology Australian Institute of Health and Welfare Australian National Council on Drugs Amphetamine and Other Synthetic Drugs Australian Secondary Students’ Alcohol and Drug Survey Amphetamine-type stimulants Bureau of Crime Statistics and Research Council of Australian Governments Drug Use Careers of Offenders Drug Use Monitoring in Australia Ecstasy and Related Drugs Reporting System Gay, lesbian, bisexual and transgender Human immunodeficiency virus Illicit Drug Diversion Initiative Illicit Drug Reporting System Injecting Drug Users Intergovernmental Committee on Drugs Ministerial Council on Drug Strategy Methylenedioxymethamphetamine National Action Plan on Illicit Drugs National Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Health Survey National Campaign Against Drug Abuse National Drug and Alcohol Research Centre National Drug Law Enforcement Research Fund National Drug Research Institute National Drug Strategy National Drug Strategy Household Survey National Minimum Data Set New South Wales Northern Territory Party Drugs Initiative Regular ecstasy users South Australia Western Australia
Page 1: National Amphetamine-Type Stimulant
Page 6 and 7: iv Table of contents Acknowledgemen
Page 8 and 9: vi List of tables Table 1.1: Amphet
Page 10 and 11: viii
Page 12 and 13: 2 The NDS framework and the Law Enf
Page 14 and 15: 4 Table 1.1: Amphetamine-type stimu
Page 16 and 17: 6 particularly on the Pacific Coast
Page 18 and 19: 8 Figure 1.1: MDMA (ecstasy) tablet
Page 20 and 21: 10 a 10-year period. While some of
Page 22 and 23: 12 Figure 1.4: Forms of methampheta
Page 24 and 25: 14 Figure 1.5: Median purity of met
Page 26 and 27: 16 As noted, the route of administr
Page 28 and 29: 18 Chapter 2: Setting the Context T
Page 30 and 31: 20 Figure 2.2: Prevalence of ecstas
Page 32 and 33: 22 19 years (Dunn et al., 2007). Th
Page 34 and 35: 24 The use of MDMA among police det
Page 36 and 37: 26 this survey is conducted with th
Page 38 and 39: 28 models might be useful. On the o
Page 40 and 41: 30 the questionnaire in February 20
Page 42 and 43: 32 2.5 Summary According to the lat
Page 44 and 45: 34 anxiety, agitation, tremor, teet
Page 46 and 47: 36 may be stronger than the link wi
Page 48 and 49: 38 Srisurapanot and colleagues (200
Page 50 and 51: 40 Psychiatric problems appear to o
Page 52 and 53: 42 In 2005, there was a total of 68
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44 The most recent EDRS survey foun
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46 same reasons they use the drugs
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48 Shoptaw and Reback (2007) review
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50 It has also been speculated that
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52 Parental ATS use In addition to
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54 The Minnesota Department of Heal
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56 Chapter 4: Prevention and Harm R
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58 should cover the full range of d
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60 specific drug (Spoth et al., 200
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62 be applied regularly and systema
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64 Strategies targeting vulnerable
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66 Examples of particular periods t
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68 At-risk workplaces There is incr
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70 The consultation forum with Abor
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72 young people was noted in the su
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74 and/or others); mental health ef
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76 of the fact that frequently peop
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78 Sexual risk behaviour is a furth
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80 • Cleaning up; • Transport o
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82 Assessing the risks of illicitly
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84 4.4 Challenges of applying preve
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86 but a number of studies are now
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88 The pack included a video, train
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90 Chapter 5: Treatment and Service
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92 to the occurrence of amphetamine
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94 In relation to the need for spec
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96 These studies replicate earlier
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98 addressed not only the drug user
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100 Research conducted in the subse
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102 users, data that may be general
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104 that limit brain exposure to me
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106 only significant difference was
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108 through the use of antipsychoti
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110 to develop the capacity of the
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112 It was also suggested that link
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114 as new evidence emerges. New ps
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116 border in 2000 (McKetin et al.,
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118 Table 6.1: Number of clandestin
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120 Table 6.2: Examples of domestic
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122 Tasmania In 2004, strengthened
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124 Recommendations from the consul
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126 Although there are a number of
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128 illegal drugs. When incarcerate
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130 heroin) (Payne et al., 2007). I
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132 Some examples of diversion prog
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134 Other research has compared psy
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136 Rehabilitation in Corrections T
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138 Synthetic Drugs measure will im
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140 • Stealing from motor vehicle
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142 criminal offences There continu
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144 • Increase international coll
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146 • Ensuring offence and penalt
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148 Law enforcement agencies are pl
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150 Appendix 1 National consultatio
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152 Appendix 2 Written submissions
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154 Australian Institute of Health
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156 Bowers, J. & Johnson, S. (2003)
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158 Crits-Christoph, P., Siqueland,
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160 Drug & Alcohol Services South A
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162 Halkitis, P.N., Parsons, J.T.,
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164 Hull, P., Rawstorne, P., Zablot
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166 Leek, L., Seneque, D., & Ward,
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168 McKetin, R., McLaren, J., Kelly
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170 NSW Health (2006). Psychostimul
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172 Ressler, K.J., & Nemeroff, C.B.
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174 Small, W., Kerr, T., Charette,
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176 United Nations Office for Drug
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178
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180
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National Amphetamine-Type Stimulant Strategy Background Paper

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