National Amphetamine-Type Stimulant Strategy Background Paper

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144 • Increase international collaboration with overseas agencies to identify and respond to ATS manufacture and trafficking operations, emerging products, precursors and technologies of concern; • Increase State and Federal cooperation and collaboration among law enforcement on joint precursor, ATS and clandestine laboratory seizure operations; • Increased efforts to engage with overseas agencies to enhance local enforcement capacity in the control of key chemicals and equipment and operational responses; • Increased effort in the monitoring of the importation of key chemicals and equipment at the border from a regulatory and intelligence perspective; • Continue Australia’s participation in international activities such as the International Narcotics Control Board’s project PRISM, and enhance the impact within Oceania of Australia’s commitment to reducing the diversion of ATS precursors into illicit manufacture in the region; • Investigate new technologies for detecting ATS and their precursors at the border; • Investigate internet facilitation of ATS and their precursors, and increased investigations targeting online sites; • Continued support of State and Territory Chemical Diversion Desks or similar; • Continue close monitoring of domestic diversion of key chemicals and equipment; and • Continue State and Territory led investigations and activities to detect and dismantle clan labs within Australia. ii. Prevent the illicit supply of precursor chemicals and equipment through the following activities: • Continued support for the activities of the National Working Group on Preventing the Diversion of Precursor Chemicals. This will include development and implementation of the National Clandestine Laboratory Database; identifying and responding to emerging trends and threats in the diversion of chemicals and equipment and ATS manufacture; assessing the continued adequacy of controls on precursor chemicals and related equipment used in the manufacture of ATS, with a view to developing more effective controls; development of a national regulatory approach to the control of essential precursor chemicals and equipment which draws on the National Code of Practice; development of awareness raising activities for the community, industry and government of the risks and signs of ATS manufacture and the diversion of chemicals and equipment; devising a national regulatory framework; supporting the development and delivery of law enforcement training initiatives, such as extending the Customs Precursor Training Program to law enforcement agencies; enhancement to information and intelligence databases for law enforcement, such as the National Industrial Chemicals Notification and Assessment Scheme;
145 • Support the national roll-out of Project STOP to provide pharmacists, law enforcement and health agencies with information on the purchase of pseudoephedrine based medicines; and • Support industry development of alternative products to pseudoephedrine which are not susceptible to diversion to ATS manufacture. iii. Improve intelligence and information-sharing capabilities of Australian law enforcement agencies and related sectors through the following activities: • Continue to improve and increase intelligence-led law enforcement practices, with particular emphasis on the use of the ACC’s Australian Criminal Intelligence Database and the National Clandestine Laboratory Database. This will involve ensuring the timely provision of ATS related information and intelligence between jurisdictions; ensuring timely release and widest appropriate distribution of intelligence products; continuation of national forums which bring together investigators and intelligence experts from all jurisdictions; • Continued support for, and networking of Chemical Diversion Desks in each jurisdiction, including the coordination and exchange of information and intelligence; • Enhance existing intelligence arrangements for law enforcement to access corrective services intelligence, and prisoner information on ATS production and trafficking on a national basis, including visitation programs; • Continued use of ACC coercive powers and dissemination of intelligence on a national basis; • Continued support for the operation of the National Chemical Diversion Congress; • Continued support for the further development and refinement of the ATS Signature Program under AIDIP and improve exchange of timely and quality information between law enforcement and forensic officers on seized chemicals and substances; and • Develop awareness campaigns to improve provision of information to community, industry and other government sectors, by highlighting risks and dangers associated with ATS manufacture, including increased risks to children, the environment and emergency responders; signs of illicit activity and importance of community, industry and local government assistance to police; law enforcement responses and successes in the detection and prosecution of ATS offences; and the seriousness of ATS-related offences, including their impact on the community and the range of penalties available for ATS offences. iv. Adequate laws are in place to respond to ATS related activities. This includes: • Ensuring national legislation is implemented in respect to remediation of clandestine drug laboratory sites;
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National Amphetamine-Type Stimulant
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ii Acknowledgments This research wo
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iv Table of contents Acknowledgemen
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vi List of tables Table 1.1: Amphet
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viii
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2 The NDS framework and the Law Enf
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4 Table 1.1: Amphetamine-type stimu
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6 particularly on the Pacific Coast
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8 Figure 1.1: MDMA (ecstasy) tablet
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10 a 10-year period. While some of
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12 Figure 1.4: Forms of methampheta
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14 Figure 1.5: Median purity of met
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16 As noted, the route of administr
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18 Chapter 2: Setting the Context T
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20 Figure 2.2: Prevalence of ecstas
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22 19 years (Dunn et al., 2007). Th
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24 The use of MDMA among police det
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26 this survey is conducted with th
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28 models might be useful. On the o
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30 the questionnaire in February 20
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32 2.5 Summary According to the lat
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34 anxiety, agitation, tremor, teet
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36 may be stronger than the link wi
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38 Srisurapanot and colleagues (200
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40 Psychiatric problems appear to o
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42 In 2005, there was a total of 68
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44 The most recent EDRS survey foun
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46 same reasons they use the drugs
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48 Shoptaw and Reback (2007) review
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50 It has also been speculated that
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52 Parental ATS use In addition to
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54 The Minnesota Department of Heal
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56 Chapter 4: Prevention and Harm R
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58 should cover the full range of d
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60 specific drug (Spoth et al., 200
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62 be applied regularly and systema
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64 Strategies targeting vulnerable
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66 Examples of particular periods t
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68 At-risk workplaces There is incr
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70 The consultation forum with Abor
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72 young people was noted in the su
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74 and/or others); mental health ef
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76 of the fact that frequently peop
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78 Sexual risk behaviour is a furth
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80 • Cleaning up; • Transport o
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82 Assessing the risks of illicitly
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84 4.4 Challenges of applying preve
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86 but a number of studies are now
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88 The pack included a video, train
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90 Chapter 5: Treatment and Service
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92 to the occurrence of amphetamine
Page 104 and 105: 94 In relation to the need for spec
Page 106 and 107: 96 These studies replicate earlier
Page 108 and 109: 98 addressed not only the drug user
Page 110 and 111: 100 Research conducted in the subse
Page 112 and 113: 102 users, data that may be general
Page 114 and 115: 104 that limit brain exposure to me
Page 116 and 117: 106 only significant difference was
Page 118 and 119: 108 through the use of antipsychoti
Page 120 and 121: 110 to develop the capacity of the
Page 122 and 123: 112 It was also suggested that link
Page 124 and 125: 114 as new evidence emerges. New ps
Page 126 and 127: 116 border in 2000 (McKetin et al.,
Page 128 and 129: 118 Table 6.1: Number of clandestin
Page 130 and 131: 120 Table 6.2: Examples of domestic
Page 132 and 133: 122 Tasmania In 2004, strengthened
Page 134 and 135: 124 Recommendations from the consul
Page 136 and 137: 126 Although there are a number of
Page 138 and 139: 128 illegal drugs. When incarcerate
Page 140 and 141: 130 heroin) (Payne et al., 2007). I
Page 142 and 143: 132 Some examples of diversion prog
Page 144 and 145: 134 Other research has compared psy
Page 146 and 147: 136 Rehabilitation in Corrections T
Page 148 and 149: 138 Synthetic Drugs measure will im
Page 150 and 151: 140 • Stealing from motor vehicle
Page 152 and 153: 142 criminal offences There continu
Page 156 and 157: 146 • Ensuring offence and penalt
Page 158 and 159: 148 Law enforcement agencies are pl
Page 160 and 161: 150 Appendix 1 National consultatio
Page 162 and 163: 152 Appendix 2 Written submissions
Page 164 and 165: 154 Australian Institute of Health
Page 166 and 167: 156 Bowers, J. & Johnson, S. (2003)
Page 168 and 169: 158 Crits-Christoph, P., Siqueland,
Page 170 and 171: 160 Drug & Alcohol Services South A
Page 172 and 173: 162 Halkitis, P.N., Parsons, J.T.,
Page 174 and 175: 164 Hull, P., Rawstorne, P., Zablot
Page 176 and 177: 166 Leek, L., Seneque, D., & Ward,
Page 178 and 179: 168 McKetin, R., McLaren, J., Kelly
Page 180 and 181: 170 NSW Health (2006). Psychostimul
Page 182 and 183: 172 Ressler, K.J., & Nemeroff, C.B.
Page 184 and 185: 174 Small, W., Kerr, T., Charette,
Page 186 and 187: 176 United Nations Office for Drug
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