National Amphetamine-Type Stimulant Strategy Background Paper

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142 criminal offences There continue to be community misconceptions about the use of ATS. The use of terms such as ‘party drugs,’ ‘recreational drugs’ and ecstasy provides an implicit message of fun, pleasure and, in the case of ‘ice,’ purity of methamphetamine. There is a lack of awareness of the true manner in which ATS is manufactured and the significant harms that may arise from the manufacturing process and use of ATS. The community’s perception of the criminality of possession, use and trafficking in ATS needs to be enhanced. There is also a need to ensure the community understands the type of responses being adopted by law enforcement in response to the threat of ATS – including the use of diversion from the criminal justice system to treatment and education, controls on precursor chemicals and equipment, successes in seizing drugs and proceeds of crime. The objective of this priority area is to increase awareness among the Australian public about ATS, its manner of production, its harms and the enforcement of its illegal status. Recommended activities are: i. In partnership with other sectors of Federal, State, Territory and local Government, the non-government sector, the media and the community, support the development and delivery of public awareness campaigns. The content of campaigns should include: • the physical, psychological and social harms of ATS use; • the nature of ATS manufacture, including clandestine drug laboratories; • the types of substances often found in illicit drugs and the conditions under which they are produced; • the criminal penalties for ATS possession, use and trafficking; the availability and success of treatment options, and; • law enforcement approaches to ATS, including how the community can assist in the achievement of law enforcement successes, such as through involvement in community cooperation programs; and ii. Consider the appropriateness of a nationally consistent policy among Australian police about how to report on ATS seizures and other law enforcement successes. In addition, recommendations from the consultations suggest a need to ensure that media reports reflect the realities of supply, demand and harmful effects of ATS. They also suggest the importance of law enforcement agencies publicising their achievements.
143 Priority Area 2: Preventing the supply and use of ATS The <strong>Strategy</strong> seeks to promote innovative and targeted responses to prevent the supply and use of ATS in the community. It focuses on promoting informed and intelligence-led law enforcement strategies and exploiting inter-jurisdictional and inter sectoral partnerships and synergies. Furthermore, the <strong>Strategy</strong> recognises that the breadth of supply reduction activities has a greater cumulative effect than simply reducing the availability of ATS in the community—there are a number of flow-on benefits, such as: • reinforcing the message that illicit drug use is not condoned by the community; • raising awareness amongst the community that use and manufacture of illicit drugs is illegal and carries significant penalties; • increasing the likelihood of people seeking treatment; • reducing the funds available for illicit drug purchase by prosecuting associated crime; and • the deterrent effect of successful law enforcement operations involving commitment, cooperation and sophisticated capabilities, on those involved in illicit drug supply. This Priority Area includes measures that seek to prevent or delay the onset of ATS use. Drug use is but one of a number of health outcomes that may share common determinants which can cluster in vulnerable individuals and population groups. Wide-ranging and broadbased interventions need to be considered to address drug problems in an integrated way across the whole community. Prevention reflects the need to build community resilience and cohesion through broad based programs and activities. Such programs should focus on addressing identified social and structural determinants of community health and drug use, including risk and protective factors that affect individual probabilities of drug use. There is a need to consider a wider range of interventions that acknowledge and address the social origins of poor health and health risk behaviours at all levels – individual, family, community and across the population. As well as influencing drug use in the community, such interventions would positively influence education, employment, health and crime outcomes. Law enforcement plays a significant role in the prevention of ATS use. Law enforcement agencies implement programs to reduce the amount of drugs in Australia and raise public awareness through involvement in community-based ATS education programs. The following objectives and related activities are recommended: i. Disrupt and dismantle the production and trafficking of ATS into and within Australia through the following activities: • Continue intelligence-led law enforcement activities to disrupt criminal activity, including dismantling organised crime syndicates engaged in ATS related activities, with particular emphasis on facilitators, importers, manufacturers, distributors and ‘cooks’; • Review the effectiveness and efficiency of the current proceeds of crime arrangements nationally from a law enforcement perspective;
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National Amphetamine-Type Stimulant
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ii Acknowledgments This research wo
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iv Table of contents Acknowledgemen
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vi List of tables Table 1.1: Amphet
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viii
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2 The NDS framework and the Law Enf
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4 Table 1.1: Amphetamine-type stimu
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6 particularly on the Pacific Coast
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8 Figure 1.1: MDMA (ecstasy) tablet
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10 a 10-year period. While some of
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12 Figure 1.4: Forms of methampheta
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14 Figure 1.5: Median purity of met
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16 As noted, the route of administr
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18 Chapter 2: Setting the Context T
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20 Figure 2.2: Prevalence of ecstas
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22 19 years (Dunn et al., 2007). Th
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24 The use of MDMA among police det
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26 this survey is conducted with th
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28 models might be useful. On the o
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30 the questionnaire in February 20
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32 2.5 Summary According to the lat
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34 anxiety, agitation, tremor, teet
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36 may be stronger than the link wi
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38 Srisurapanot and colleagues (200
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40 Psychiatric problems appear to o
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42 In 2005, there was a total of 68
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44 The most recent EDRS survey foun
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46 same reasons they use the drugs
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48 Shoptaw and Reback (2007) review
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50 It has also been speculated that
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52 Parental ATS use In addition to
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54 The Minnesota Department of Heal
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56 Chapter 4: Prevention and Harm R
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58 should cover the full range of d
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60 specific drug (Spoth et al., 200
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62 be applied regularly and systema
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64 Strategies targeting vulnerable
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66 Examples of particular periods t
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68 At-risk workplaces There is incr
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70 The consultation forum with Abor
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72 young people was noted in the su
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74 and/or others); mental health ef
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76 of the fact that frequently peop
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78 Sexual risk behaviour is a furth
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80 • Cleaning up; • Transport o
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82 Assessing the risks of illicitly
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84 4.4 Challenges of applying preve
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86 but a number of studies are now
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88 The pack included a video, train
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90 Chapter 5: Treatment and Service
Page 102 and 103: 92 to the occurrence of amphetamine
Page 104 and 105: 94 In relation to the need for spec
Page 106 and 107: 96 These studies replicate earlier
Page 108 and 109: 98 addressed not only the drug user
Page 110 and 111: 100 Research conducted in the subse
Page 112 and 113: 102 users, data that may be general
Page 114 and 115: 104 that limit brain exposure to me
Page 116 and 117: 106 only significant difference was
Page 118 and 119: 108 through the use of antipsychoti
Page 120 and 121: 110 to develop the capacity of the
Page 122 and 123: 112 It was also suggested that link
Page 124 and 125: 114 as new evidence emerges. New ps
Page 126 and 127: 116 border in 2000 (McKetin et al.,
Page 128 and 129: 118 Table 6.1: Number of clandestin
Page 130 and 131: 120 Table 6.2: Examples of domestic
Page 132 and 133: 122 Tasmania In 2004, strengthened
Page 134 and 135: 124 Recommendations from the consul
Page 136 and 137: 126 Although there are a number of
Page 138 and 139: 128 illegal drugs. When incarcerate
Page 140 and 141: 130 heroin) (Payne et al., 2007). I
Page 142 and 143: 132 Some examples of diversion prog
Page 144 and 145: 134 Other research has compared psy
Page 146 and 147: 136 Rehabilitation in Corrections T
Page 148 and 149: 138 Synthetic Drugs measure will im
Page 150 and 151: 140 • Stealing from motor vehicle
Page 154 and 155: 144 • Increase international coll
Page 156 and 157: 146 • Ensuring offence and penalt
Page 158 and 159: 148 Law enforcement agencies are pl
Page 160 and 161: 150 Appendix 1 National consultatio
Page 162 and 163: 152 Appendix 2 Written submissions
Page 164 and 165: 154 Australian Institute of Health
Page 166 and 167: 156 Bowers, J. & Johnson, S. (2003)
Page 168 and 169: 158 Crits-Christoph, P., Siqueland,
Page 170 and 171: 160 Drug & Alcohol Services South A
Page 172 and 173: 162 Halkitis, P.N., Parsons, J.T.,
Page 174 and 175: 164 Hull, P., Rawstorne, P., Zablot
Page 176 and 177: 166 Leek, L., Seneque, D., & Ward,
Page 178 and 179: 168 McKetin, R., McLaren, J., Kelly
Page 180 and 181: 170 NSW Health (2006). Psychostimul
Page 182 and 183: 172 Ressler, K.J., & Nemeroff, C.B.
Page 184 and 185: 174 Small, W., Kerr, T., Charette,
Page 186 and 187: 176 United Nations Office for Drug
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