National Amphetamine-Type Stimulant Strategy Background Paper

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148 Law enforcement agencies are playing an increasingly important role in the harm reduction and demand reduction strategic areas of the National Drug Strategy, including responding to drug users and drug affected individuals. Law enforcement agencies are in regular contact with at-risk individuals or individuals already suffering from drug related harms. Consequently, law enforcement is able to aid the diversion of individuals to timely and appropriate treatment plans and/or early education programs. The following objectives and related activities are recommended: i. Improve understanding among law enforcement personnel about interventions, treatments and support for ATS users: • Ensure training for law enforcement officers is adequate to assist with awareness of benefits and availability of referral to treatment, education or early intervention for individuals with ATS related problems, including mental health and drug comorbidity; police officers ability to able to deal with people exhibiting violent and erratic behaviour, which may result from ATS intoxication; and • Ensure effective coordination arrangements exist between law enforcement and health, mental health, and social welfare agencies. ii. Improve access for ATS users to high-quality treatment services: • Support the accelerated implementation provision of effective broad ranging treatment options for dependent users of ATS. 6.10 Summary It has been estimated that Australia expends between $1.3 and $2 billion annually on drug law enforcement activity (Homel & Willis, 2007). This chapter has provided an overview of policy and strategies which go far beyond interdicting and disrupting supply or noting the number of drug seizure and arrest as measures of successful interventions. The model of law enforcement tackling illicit drugs reflected in this chapter is multi-layered increasingly incorporating proactive and partnership interventions. Relationships between international agencies, the Commonwealth, States and Territories and between policing, the criminal justice system, human services, corrections and health are increasingly cooperative and collaborative. These interventions include international provisions and domestic legislative responses acknowledging the drug trade as a borderless activity in preventing supply, responses to crime through diversion and juvenile justice services, collaboration with the community through awareness campaigns and engaging the cooperation of the pharmaceutical and transport industries. The developing role of drug law enforcement requires a concomitant development in evaluating these interventions and measuring outcomes. A framework for measuring the effectiveness of the work performance of drug law enforcement agencies has recently been developed (Homel & Willis, 2007). The framework recognises that such measures must move away from those traditionally used to consider the broader impacts of law enforcement work and identifies outcomes related to the principles of the National Drug Strategy, (many of which are referred to in this and other chapters), designed to reduce drug
crime and drug-related crime (measured by drug price, purity and availability, as well as measures concerned with drug trafficking practices). Other measures are those designed to reduce organised crime (measured by elements concerned with trafficking); those designed to improve public health (measured by trends in illicit drug-related deaths and morbidity and the health services underpinning these), and those designed to improve public amenity (measured by trends in community safety and wellbeing and incorporating measures of the initiative in the management of offenders) (Homel & Willis, 2007). 149
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National Amphetamine-Type Stimulant
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ii Acknowledgments This research wo
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iv Table of contents Acknowledgemen
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vi List of tables Table 1.1: Amphet
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viii
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2 The NDS framework and the Law Enf
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4 Table 1.1: Amphetamine-type stimu
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6 particularly on the Pacific Coast
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8 Figure 1.1: MDMA (ecstasy) tablet
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10 a 10-year period. While some of
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12 Figure 1.4: Forms of methampheta
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14 Figure 1.5: Median purity of met
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16 As noted, the route of administr
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18 Chapter 2: Setting the Context T
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20 Figure 2.2: Prevalence of ecstas
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22 19 years (Dunn et al., 2007). Th
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24 The use of MDMA among police det
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26 this survey is conducted with th
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28 models might be useful. On the o
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30 the questionnaire in February 20
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32 2.5 Summary According to the lat
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34 anxiety, agitation, tremor, teet
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36 may be stronger than the link wi
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38 Srisurapanot and colleagues (200
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40 Psychiatric problems appear to o
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42 In 2005, there was a total of 68
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44 The most recent EDRS survey foun
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46 same reasons they use the drugs
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48 Shoptaw and Reback (2007) review
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50 It has also been speculated that
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52 Parental ATS use In addition to
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54 The Minnesota Department of Heal
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56 Chapter 4: Prevention and Harm R
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58 should cover the full range of d
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60 specific drug (Spoth et al., 200
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62 be applied regularly and systema
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64 Strategies targeting vulnerable
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66 Examples of particular periods t
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68 At-risk workplaces There is incr
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70 The consultation forum with Abor
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72 young people was noted in the su
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74 and/or others); mental health ef
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76 of the fact that frequently peop
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78 Sexual risk behaviour is a furth
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80 • Cleaning up; • Transport o
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82 Assessing the risks of illicitly
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84 4.4 Challenges of applying preve
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86 but a number of studies are now
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88 The pack included a video, train
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90 Chapter 5: Treatment and Service
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92 to the occurrence of amphetamine
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94 In relation to the need for spec
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96 These studies replicate earlier
Page 108 and 109: 98 addressed not only the drug user
Page 110 and 111: 100 Research conducted in the subse
Page 112 and 113: 102 users, data that may be general
Page 114 and 115: 104 that limit brain exposure to me
Page 116 and 117: 106 only significant difference was
Page 118 and 119: 108 through the use of antipsychoti
Page 120 and 121: 110 to develop the capacity of the
Page 122 and 123: 112 It was also suggested that link
Page 124 and 125: 114 as new evidence emerges. New ps
Page 126 and 127: 116 border in 2000 (McKetin et al.,
Page 128 and 129: 118 Table 6.1: Number of clandestin
Page 130 and 131: 120 Table 6.2: Examples of domestic
Page 132 and 133: 122 Tasmania In 2004, strengthened
Page 134 and 135: 124 Recommendations from the consul
Page 136 and 137: 126 Although there are a number of
Page 138 and 139: 128 illegal drugs. When incarcerate
Page 140 and 141: 130 heroin) (Payne et al., 2007). I
Page 142 and 143: 132 Some examples of diversion prog
Page 144 and 145: 134 Other research has compared psy
Page 146 and 147: 136 Rehabilitation in Corrections T
Page 148 and 149: 138 Synthetic Drugs measure will im
Page 150 and 151: 140 • Stealing from motor vehicle
Page 152 and 153: 142 criminal offences There continu
Page 154 and 155: 144 • Increase international coll
Page 156 and 157: 146 • Ensuring offence and penalt
Page 160 and 161: 150 Appendix 1 National consultatio
Page 162 and 163: 152 Appendix 2 Written submissions
Page 164 and 165: 154 Australian Institute of Health
Page 166 and 167: 156 Bowers, J. & Johnson, S. (2003)
Page 168 and 169: 158 Crits-Christoph, P., Siqueland,
Page 170 and 171: 160 Drug & Alcohol Services South A
Page 172 and 173: 162 Halkitis, P.N., Parsons, J.T.,
Page 174 and 175: 164 Hull, P., Rawstorne, P., Zablot
Page 176 and 177: 166 Leek, L., Seneque, D., & Ward,
Page 178 and 179: 168 McKetin, R., McLaren, J., Kelly
Page 180 and 181: 170 NSW Health (2006). Psychostimul
Page 182 and 183: 172 Ressler, K.J., & Nemeroff, C.B.
Page 184 and 185: 174 Small, W., Kerr, T., Charette,
Page 186 and 187: 176 United Nations Office for Drug
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National Amphetamine-Type Stimulant Strategy Background Paper

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