National Amphetamine-Type Stimulant Strategy Background Paper

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138 Synthetic Drugs measure will improve illicit drugs information and intelligence, and investigate organised crime drug distribution networks and methodologies to assist in mitigating the risk of emerging illicit drug trends; • The ACC’s National Illicit Drug Strategy: Enhanced Technical Capability (Additional Funding) measure will enhance capacity for telecommunication and data interception capacity, which will assist the targeting and disruption of serious and organised criminal groups and individuals involved in the manufacture, importation and distribution of illicit drugs; • The AFP’s Amphetamine-Type Stimulants Enhanced Investigative Capacity measure will enhance the Australian Federal Police’s capacity to pursue amphetamine-type stimulants investigation work by establishing a team with the skills, training, capacity and equipment to be rapidly deployed anywhere in Australia or the Asia Pacific region at short notice to investigate significant amphetamine-type stimulant-related offences; • The AFP’s Expansion of the International Liaison Officer Network measure will increase the flow of criminal intelligence and the number of joint operations with foreign police agencies concerning the production and trafficking of amphetamine-type stimulants; • Customs’ Expansion of Reference Spectral Libraries, Upgrade of Spectroscopic Detection Fleet, and Installation of Portable Fumehoods at Container Examination Facilities measure will enhance detection of methamphetamine, other synthetic drugs and their precursors at the Australian border; and • The Australian Institute of Criminology’s DUMA Expansion measure will add two new sites to collect data from police detainees in Melbourne and Darwin to further improve the Government’s evidence base and understanding of ATS markets, offenders’ use and treatment needs. State and Territories have also implemented a range of initiatives; some examples are shown in Table 6.7. Many of the initiatives identified above address some of the concerns raised during the consultations about the capacity of law enforcement agencies to deal with issues of supply and distribution effectively using proactive and reactive law enforcement strategies. The consultations also emphasised the need for State and Territory law enforcement agencies to know which strategies (or combination of strategies), are likely to be most effective in reducing supply and distribution. The $18.8 million anti-drug strategy announced by the Premier of New South Wales (NSW) in March 2001 is one of a number of examples of Australian State and Territory jurisdictions tackling drugs and drug related crime that go beyond interdiction and precursor controls at a national level. The strategy was a whole-of- government response incorporating proactive and reactive interventions through legislative change, targeted street and frontline policing and other initiatives around prevention, intervention, enforcement and treatment. Although other areas of the state received funding from the strategy, Cabramatta, within the NSW police statistical division of Fairfield-Liverpool, was the focus for the main thrusts of the strategy.
139 Table 6.7: Examples of State and Territory law enforcement initiatives NSW The NSW Government’s dedicated Drug Budget for 2003/04-2006/07 includes specific funding for the Bureau of Crime Statistics and Research to conduct special research into drug crime trends including those emerging such as crystal methamphetamine and methamphetamines. Illicit Drug Monitoring Group – an expert group established to monitor and advise the NSW Government on emerging drug trends. South Australia Designer Drug Early Warning System (D2EWS) - The system monitors the incidence and clinical effects of intoxicating substances at Royal Adelaide Hospital Emergency Departments. The primary objective of the D2EWS is to determine the range of drug use patterns that result in admission to Emergency Departments. The initiative is used to inform operational police of local illicit drug trends and will enable the development and implementation of timely prevention and intervention strategies in line with the changing picture of substance misuse that have potentially fatal consequences. This is a collaborative project between the Royal Adelaide Hospital Emergency Department, the Drug and Alcohol Service of South Australia and Forensic Science South Australia. In 2005, DUMA’s Amphetamine Bulletin was disseminated across Adelaide POL and government. The Bulletin highlighted the prevalence of methamphetamine use amongst detainees in the two South Australian DUMA sites. DUMA information is also used for policy development. QLD The joint Crime and Misconduct Commission and Queensland Health Amphetamines in Queensland Research Project is being replicated. The first research study was undertaken in 2002. The study details findings about amphetamine users and their health problems and will guide the development and delivery of Queensland Health programs. NT The Northern Territory Police facilitated the Drug Use Monitoring Australia (DUMA) data collection conducted by the Australian Institute of Criminology during 2006. The Data will be used to assist in policy development and a possible change in legislation to reschedule amphetamines. Tasmania Tasmania Police has established partnerships with transport operators to raise awareness, detect and disrupt the importation of precursors and controlled drugs into Tasmania. Source: Ministerial Council on Drug Strategy Joint Communiqué 16th May 2007 ‘NATIONAL LEADERSHIP FORUM ON ICE – COMPENDIUM OF JURISDICTIONAL ACHIEVEMENTS’ http://www.nationaldrugstrategy.gov.au/internet/drugstrategy/ publishing.nsf/Content/mcds-16may07-communique Frontline reactive strategies concurrent with the development of inter-agency partnerships and legislative change included the establishment of strike forces to tackle gang crime; boosting police numbers to increase detection and the visible presence of police on the streets; coordinating frontline intelligence; improving recruitment strategies and training opportunities; strengthening information technology, including data base capacity and activities; and implementing initiatives to strengthen relationships with community groups and young people. Early reports were encouraging. According to the NSW Bureau of Crime Statistics and Research (Chilvers et al., 2002), there was a reduction in the following crimes thought to be drug related in Cabramatta between January 2000 and December 2001: • Motor vehicle theft decreased by 37%;
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National Amphetamine-Type Stimulant
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ii Acknowledgments This research wo
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iv Table of contents Acknowledgemen
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vi List of tables Table 1.1: Amphet
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viii
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2 The NDS framework and the Law Enf
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4 Table 1.1: Amphetamine-type stimu
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6 particularly on the Pacific Coast
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8 Figure 1.1: MDMA (ecstasy) tablet
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10 a 10-year period. While some of
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12 Figure 1.4: Forms of methampheta
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14 Figure 1.5: Median purity of met
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16 As noted, the route of administr
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18 Chapter 2: Setting the Context T
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20 Figure 2.2: Prevalence of ecstas
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22 19 years (Dunn et al., 2007). Th
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24 The use of MDMA among police det
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26 this survey is conducted with th
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28 models might be useful. On the o
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30 the questionnaire in February 20
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32 2.5 Summary According to the lat
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34 anxiety, agitation, tremor, teet
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36 may be stronger than the link wi
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38 Srisurapanot and colleagues (200
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40 Psychiatric problems appear to o
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42 In 2005, there was a total of 68
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44 The most recent EDRS survey foun
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46 same reasons they use the drugs
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48 Shoptaw and Reback (2007) review
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50 It has also been speculated that
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52 Parental ATS use In addition to
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54 The Minnesota Department of Heal
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56 Chapter 4: Prevention and Harm R
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58 should cover the full range of d
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60 specific drug (Spoth et al., 200
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62 be applied regularly and systema
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64 Strategies targeting vulnerable
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66 Examples of particular periods t
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68 At-risk workplaces There is incr
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70 The consultation forum with Abor
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72 young people was noted in the su
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74 and/or others); mental health ef
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76 of the fact that frequently peop
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78 Sexual risk behaviour is a furth
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80 • Cleaning up; • Transport o
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82 Assessing the risks of illicitly
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84 4.4 Challenges of applying preve
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86 but a number of studies are now
Page 98 and 99: 88 The pack included a video, train
Page 100 and 101: 90 Chapter 5: Treatment and Service
Page 102 and 103: 92 to the occurrence of amphetamine
Page 104 and 105: 94 In relation to the need for spec
Page 106 and 107: 96 These studies replicate earlier
Page 108 and 109: 98 addressed not only the drug user
Page 110 and 111: 100 Research conducted in the subse
Page 112 and 113: 102 users, data that may be general
Page 114 and 115: 104 that limit brain exposure to me
Page 116 and 117: 106 only significant difference was
Page 118 and 119: 108 through the use of antipsychoti
Page 120 and 121: 110 to develop the capacity of the
Page 122 and 123: 112 It was also suggested that link
Page 124 and 125: 114 as new evidence emerges. New ps
Page 126 and 127: 116 border in 2000 (McKetin et al.,
Page 128 and 129: 118 Table 6.1: Number of clandestin
Page 130 and 131: 120 Table 6.2: Examples of domestic
Page 132 and 133: 122 Tasmania In 2004, strengthened
Page 134 and 135: 124 Recommendations from the consul
Page 136 and 137: 126 Although there are a number of
Page 138 and 139: 128 illegal drugs. When incarcerate
Page 140 and 141: 130 heroin) (Payne et al., 2007). I
Page 142 and 143: 132 Some examples of diversion prog
Page 144 and 145: 134 Other research has compared psy
Page 146 and 147: 136 Rehabilitation in Corrections T
Page 150 and 151: 140 • Stealing from motor vehicle
Page 152 and 153: 142 criminal offences There continu
Page 154 and 155: 144 • Increase international coll
Page 156 and 157: 146 • Ensuring offence and penalt
Page 158 and 159: 148 Law enforcement agencies are pl
Page 160 and 161: 150 Appendix 1 National consultatio
Page 162 and 163: 152 Appendix 2 Written submissions
Page 164 and 165: 154 Australian Institute of Health
Page 166 and 167: 156 Bowers, J. & Johnson, S. (2003)
Page 168 and 169: 158 Crits-Christoph, P., Siqueland,
Page 170 and 171: 160 Drug & Alcohol Services South A
Page 172 and 173: 162 Halkitis, P.N., Parsons, J.T.,
Page 174 and 175: 164 Hull, P., Rawstorne, P., Zablot
Page 176 and 177: 166 Leek, L., Seneque, D., & Ward,
Page 178 and 179: 168 McKetin, R., McLaren, J., Kelly
Page 180 and 181: 170 NSW Health (2006). Psychostimul
Page 182 and 183: 172 Ressler, K.J., & Nemeroff, C.B.
Page 184 and 185: 174 Small, W., Kerr, T., Charette,
Page 186 and 187: 176 United Nations Office for Drug
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National Amphetamine-Type Stimulant Strategy Background Paper

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