Bears - IUCN

More documents

Recommendations

Info

Fig. 13 Bough bed constructed in deep snow near entrance to winter den. It was made in late March. Fig. 14 Grizzly No. 40 (instrumented) with her yearling feeding on the carcass of a drowned bison soon after they had emerged from 'hibernation'. 103
Our observations reveal that mature male and female grizzlies tend to leave den areas earlier than females with yearlings. Females with cubs of the year are the last to leave den sites and some may remain in the vicinity of the den until the snow has disappeared. The carcasses of winter-killed animals (Fig. 14) form a considerable portion of the diet of grizzly bears in early spring. In addition, grizzlies kill those weakened by a severe winter. Our records include observations and authentic reports of grizzlies killing full-grown moose, bison and elk. In most cases the animals were attacked in deep snow, while crossing rivers, or when otherwise handicapped or incapacitated. Some were so close to death from malnutrition that they made no attempts to evade attack. We have a number of sight records (our own and others) of two or more grizzlies pursuing and killing elk in well-coordinated attacks. The majority of elk and bison carcasses that were utilized by grizzlies were in advanced stages of malnutrition as evidenced by bone marrow tests. The same was true of most of those that fell prey to bears (Craighead & Craighead unpub.). A late spring with deep snow on the ground, such as occurred in 1970, can produce a higher than normal number of starving ungulates which fall prey to hungry grizzlies. Such predation is atypical except where ungulate populations exceed winter range carrying capacities. The fundamental cause of death is malnutrition, not predation. Our observations indicate that the grizzly's role as a carnivore, prior to and immediately after hibernation, in Yellowstone is first a scavenger, second a predator on small prey species, especially when these are at high densities (Craighead & Craighead 1968) and, only last, a killer of large prey animals. GRIZZLY BEAR MANAGEMENT Grizzly bears constructed their winter dens in timbered areas isolated from human habitation and activities. It would appear that extensive areas of wilderness and of undeveloped Park or Forest lands are suitable for denning and in fact may be essential to the welfare of the grizzly. The Yellowstone grizzly prefers a combination of open land habitat and dense timber (Craighead & Craighead 1963). In Yellowstone Park and surrounding National Forests, prior to winter sleep, the grizzly bears obtain the greater portion of their food in open areas dominated by sagebrush and grasses. Where such areas are isolated and denning requirements met, the grizzly is likely to 'hibernate'. To encourage a maintenance of present grizzly bear population levels, consideration should be given to managing such areas as though they were wilderness. Roading, recreation development, and heavy late fall recreation use should certainly be discouraged. In regard to the meat portion of his diet, the grizzly is principally a scavenger and can detect and will move to 'ripe' carcasses from long distances. Some marked animals have moved airline distances of 18. 5 miles to such sources of food. As many as twenty grizzlies have been observed at one time around a single carcass. Radio-instrumented grizzlies have located dead animals three miles away in three days—about the minimum time needed for a carcass to decompose to the stage where it can be readily detected by scent. In the fall of the year prior to 'hibernation' and in spring soon after emergence from 'hibernation', grizzlies can be readily attracted to carcasses. Where grizzly bear populations are low or declining the use of 'baits' to attract and shoot 104
Page 1 and 2:
IUCN Publications new series No. 23
Page 3 and 4:
I n t he bear park on Hokkai do. (P
Page 5 and 6:
Bear Proceedings © IUCN, Morges, S
Page 7 and 8:
Contents Introduction to the biolog
Page 9 and 10:
Introduction to the Biology and Man
Page 11 and 12:
National parks in the United States
Page 13 and 14:
Dr. Krott studied the behaviour of
Page 15 and 16:
LENTFER, J. W., HENSEL, R. J., MILL
Page 17 and 18:
PANEL 1: THE ECOLOGY, POPULATION CH
Page 19 and 20:
dary. This procedure has the advant
Page 21 and 22:
TABLE 2. ACTIVITY AREA DATA FROM FO
Page 23 and 24:
found along adjacent foothills. Low
Page 25 and 26:
numerous census techniques and in m
Page 27 and 28:
SEX RATIOS There was no significant
Page 29 and 30:
HARTLEY, H. O. 1958. Maximum likeli
Page 31 and 32:
to the grizzlies, soapberry (Shephe
Page 33 and 34:
In an area of approximately 500 squ
Page 35 and 36:
cruises of known mileage by foot an
Page 37 and 38:
156 miles on the Sugar lands route
Page 39 and 40:
From a total of 92 survey forms dis
Page 41 and 42:
PANEL 1: THE ECOLOGY, POPULATION CH
Page 43 and 44:
Fig. 1 Location of standard canine
Page 45 and 46:
TABLE 2. PRODUCT-MOMENT CORRELATION
Page 47 and 48:
FIG. 2. Age structure of the 1967 b
Page 49 and 50: However, certain relationships were
Page 51 and 52: PANEL 1: THE ECOLOGY, POPULATION CH
Page 53 and 54: head from these bears. Commission p
Page 55 and 56: Fig. 1. Distribution of 1969 grizzl
Page 57 and 58: TABLE 4. ANNUAL HARVEST OF GRIZZLY
Page 59 and 60: on an offal pile or on a deer or el
Page 61 and 62: An undetermined species of hookworm
Page 63 and 64: Providing information to personnel
Page 65 and 66: Fig. 1 Distribution and abundance o
Page 67 and 68: still winter conditions. On emergin
Page 69 and 70: utting time were in an exhausted st
Page 71 and 72: PANEL 1: THE ECOLOGY, POPULATION CH
Page 73 and 74: ut recent information is lacking. F
Page 75 and 76: Simultaneously the isolated souther
Page 77 and 78: CONSERVATION The brown bear is not
Page 79 and 80: F. Craighead. In the Yellowstone po
Page 81 and 82: PANEL 2: DENNING—CONTROL MECHANIS
Page 83 and 84: Fig. 1 Radio location system Fig. 2
Page 85 and 86: neck diameter by inserting two scre
Page 87 and 88: Fig. 5 Bearings of transmitter sign
Page 89 and 90: TABLE 4. CHARACTERISTICS OF ACTIVE
Page 91 and 92: TABLE 5. CHARACTERISTICS OF INACTIV
Page 93 and 94: Fig. 7 Location of den of No. 40 by
Page 95 and 96: Fig. 10 Den of sow No. 40 (1966), s
Page 97 and 98: the cave, she could discourage unso
Page 99: emained in the den. In late afterno
Page 103 and 104: , , 1971. Biotelemetry Research wit
Page 105 and 106: winter denning of bears to allow an
Page 107 and 108: Fig. 1 View of den excavated by bla
Page 109 and 110: from the earth as a heat sink to th
Page 111 and 112: DENNING OF POLAR BEARS Conditions T
Page 113 and 114: Fig. 6 Polar bear maximum and minim
Page 115 and 116: and experiments of Whalen (1965) ar
Page 117 and 118: throughout the year on wild caught
Page 119 and 120: Fig. 9 EKG intervals of mammals. No
Page 121 and 122: SOUTH, F. E. & HOUSE, W. A. 1967. E
Page 123 and 124: willow and grasses in mountainous a
Page 125 and 126: TABLE 1. FREQUENCY DISTRIBUTION OF
Page 127 and 128: TABLE 3. DIMENSIONS IN FEET OF 26 B
Page 129 and 130: Fig. 2 Three den types: (A) atypica
Page 131 and 132: to 40°F; nice clear high pressure
Page 133 and 134: around that you could equate to a p
Page 135 and 136: PANEL 3: POLAR BEAR STUDIES Infra-r
Page 137 and 138: projection on a screen or on photog
Page 139 and 140: PANEL 3: POLAR BEAR STUDIES Further
Page 141 and 142: RESULTS A major polar bear winter d
Page 143 and 144: A small number of denned adults wit
Page 145 and 146: Fig. 6 A winter den of a female and
Page 147 and 148: ears has never been reported outsid
Page 149 and 150: gravel areas shallow dens are dug l
Page 151 and 152:
Fig. 11 Diagram of a typical deep b
Page 153 and 154:
DISCUSSION The winter polar bear de
Page 155 and 156:
Even the winter dens differ from th
Page 157 and 158:
Until 1970, the following major law
Page 159 and 160:
He states that there is a connectio
Page 161 and 162:
7. LÖNÖ, O. 1970. Norsk Polarinst
Page 163 and 164:
Polar pack ice covers the central p
Page 165 and 166:
POLAR BEAR DISTRIBUTION IN RELATION
Page 167 and 168:
from the vicinity of Wrangel Island
Page 169 and 170:
PANEL 3: POLAR BEAR STUDIES Immobil
Page 171 and 172:
After firing we kept watch over the
Page 173 and 174:
RESULTS Results of the experiments
Page 175 and 176:
} Duration of immobilization; comme
Page 177 and 178:
One attempt was made to immobilize
Page 179 and 180:
BREEDING ECOLOGY General informatio
Page 181 and 182:
Fig. 1 The Drem-Head mountains, an
Page 183 and 184:
TABLE 2. DISTRIBUTION OF DENS ACCOR
Page 185 and 186:
Fig. 5 Structure of 6 dens: 1. (a)
Page 187 and 188:
Fig. 7 Interior of den, showing cla
Page 189 and 190:
We were lucky to observe three time
Page 191 and 192:
In the upper reaches of the Neozhid
Page 193 and 194:
In good weather, opened dens with s
Page 195 and 196:
PANEL 3: POLAR BEAR STUDIES SUMMARY
Page 197 and 198:
not be done, the hunter was given a
Page 199 and 200:
Fig. 1 The contribution of year cla
Page 201 and 202:
DISCUSSION Fluctuations in bear har
Page 203 and 204:
REFERENCES FREE, S.& SAUER, P.R. 19
Page 205 and 206:
the primate temporal lobe which is
Page 207 and 208:
Fig. 1 The two cubs sucking on the
Page 209 and 210:
Kit drank more on only 15. In June
Page 211 and 212:
would immediately show interest, co
Page 213 and 214:
Fig. 5 Resting self-play with branc
Page 215 and 216:
A highly developed greeting ceremon
Page 217 and 218:
KROTT, P. & KROTT, G. 1963. Zum Ver
Page 219 and 220:
EVOLUTION OF BLACK BEARS AND THE BR
Page 221 and 222:
they did not in general cease their
Page 223 and 224:
Fig. 4 Fig. 3 226
Page 225 and 226:
Many field observations suggest tha
Page 227 and 228:
groups even with very frequent dump
Page 229 and 230:
PANEL 4: BEAR BEHAVIOUR Social Beha
Page 231 and 232:
The capture and tagging of 13 bears
Page 233 and 234:
TABLE 3. SOCIAL RANK OF 22 BEARS OB
Page 235 and 236:
TABLE 4. BEHAVIOR COMPONENTS OF BEA
Page 237 and 238:
Fig 5 Bear 'confronting' an opponen
Page 239 and 240:
Bears at the falls minimized compet
Page 241 and 242:
the same manner as Mr. Stonorov obs
Page 243 and 244:
males have their way. I'd say this,
Page 245 and 246:
my way back to camp and I'd carried
Page 247 and 248:
ears in Montana. It was masked by g
Page 249 and 250:
ears like that, the subadults, usua
Page 251 and 252:
The second observation I want to ma
Page 253 and 254:
In the summer of 1969,Mr.Carlye Bla
Page 255 and 256:
TABLE 1. DEMOGRAPHIC CHARACTERISTIC
Page 257 and 258:
TABLE 3. KNOWLEDGE OF BLACK BEAR FO
Page 259 and 260:
conception of the size of the black
Page 261 and 262:
Occupation Occupation was not relat
Page 263 and 264:
TABLE 6. ATTITUDE TOWARD ANIMALS IN
Page 265 and 266:
The Elkmont campers were most conce
Page 267 and 268:
TABLE 9. VISITOR ATTITUDE CONCERNIN
Page 269 and 270:
TABLE 12. ANSWERS OF VISITORS TO QU
Page 271 and 272:
PANEL 5: BEARS AND HUMAN BEINGS Pre
Page 273 and 274:
number of visitors per year was abo
Page 275 and 276:
TABLE 1. RELATIONSHIPS BETWEEN CAMP
Page 277 and 278:
that fed at a dump. Weaned young, s
Page 279 and 280:
TABLE 3. RECORDS ON GRIZZLY-CAUSED
Page 281 and 282:
Canyon. Other coinciding circumstan
Page 283 and 284:
number of intrusions into park deve
Page 285 and 286:
REFERENCES CRAIGHEAD, J. J., HORNOC
Page 287 and 288:
Glacier National Park Glacier Natio
Page 289 and 290:
settlements in the park. Arthur Whe
Page 291 and 292:
will be summarised here to provide
Page 293 and 294:
C.P.R. 1889. Fishing and Shooting o
Page 295 and 296:
Much later, in 1875, George Bird Gr
Page 297 and 298:
its community. In other words, its
Page 299 and 300:
COUES, Elliott (Ed.) 1965a. New lig
Page 301 and 302:
PANEL 5: BEARS AND HUMAN BEINGS Gri
Page 303 and 304:
to and after this month. Our census
Page 305 and 306:
They have shaped and are integrally
Page 307 and 308:
individually and quantitatively doc
Page 309 and 310:
ecome thoroughly conditioned to man
Page 311 and 312:
National Park Service Report, 'Griz
Page 313 and 314:
This just equals the average annual
Page 315 and 316:
has helped the sanitation problem.
Page 317 and 318:
3 years of phase-out (Table 7). Thu
Page 319 and 320:
TABLE 8. CAMPGROUND CAPTURES OF FIV
Page 321 and 322:
TABLE 9. DISPERSAL OF 34 COLOR-MARK
Page 323 and 324:
Fig. 6 Dispersal of 34 marked and t
Page 325 and 326:
Fig. 10 A grizzly individually mark
Page 327 and 328:
No. 8 moved 14 airline miles to the
Page 329 and 330:
CRAIGHEAD, J. J. & CRAIGHEAD, F. C.
Page 331 and 332:
PANEL 5: BEARS AND HUMAN BEINGS SUM
Page 333 and 334:
ears present the least conflict wit
Page 335 and 336:
een marked. This could be done alon
Page 337 and 338:
spring and fall and so in a way it
Page 339 and 340:
that we would have too much difficu
Page 341 and 342:
and southward into the Mizo Hills a
Page 343 and 344:
now but a relict population, is und
Page 345 and 346:
This suggests a population of close
Page 347 and 348:
Yoho, Kootenay and Glacier National
Page 349 and 350:
support approximately 3, 300 bears
Page 351 and 352:
Natural mortality is estimated at a
Page 353 and 354:
TABLE 2. BLACK BEAR GAME STATUS STA
Page 355 and 356:
TABLE 3. KILL FIGURES FOR BLACK BEA
Page 357 and 358:
The research already undertaken has
Page 359 and 360:
smallest takes is 11 bears from a t
Page 361 and 362:
transplant or into zoos may have to
Page 363 and 364:
HATLER,D. F. 1967. Some aspects in
Page 365 and 366:
Index Figures in bold type are rele
Page 367 and 368:
INDEX OF OTHERS WHO PARTICIPATED IN
show all

Bears - IUCN

Create successful ePaper yourself

Delete template?

Save as template?