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TABLE 10. VISITOR ATTITUDE CONCERNING WHY PEOPLE BREAK RULES AND FEED BLACK BEARS AS RELA- TED TO BEAR KNOWLEDGE (Percent) Reason (in descending order) Above Median Below Median All People are ignorant, stupid 'Human nature' to do so Forget the warnings <strong>Bears</strong> look tame, gentle To take pictures Curiosity Showing off, wanting something to brag about To observe them Excitement Other reasons Don't know 25.3 13.9 9.6 10.3 12.1 4.2 3.0 4.8 7.2 6.0 3.6 17.6 13.3 11.9 12.4 5.7 11.0 8.6 7.2 1.4 5.2 5.7 21.0 13.0 12.6 11.6 8.4 8.2 6.0 5.4 3.8 5.4 4.6 TABLE 11. ATTITUDE ABOUT RULES CONCERNING BEARS AS RELATED TO BEAR KNOWLEDGE (Percent) Question Above Median Below Median All Rules concerning tourist behavior towards bears should be left to tourist left as they are 3.0 60.2 4.3 70.5 3.6 66.4 be more strict or better enforced 34.3 21.9 26.0 Other responses 2.4 3.3 3.0 271
TABLE 12. ANSWERS OF VISITORS TO QUESTION CONCER- NING WHAT THEY WOULD DO UPON MEETING A BLACK BEAR ON A TRAIL (Percent) Bear Knowledge Sex Response (in descending order) Walk slowly away Stand motionless Run away Move aside, keep distance, avoid Do nothing Frighten or scare bear (shout, throw stones, etc.) Try to hide Climb a tree Other responses Don't know Above Median 29.5 24.7 14.5 22.9 1.2 1.2 1.2 1.2 2.4 1.2 Below Median 30.5 22.9 20.9 10.9 2.9 2.4 1.4 1.4 4.3 2.4 Male 34.4 26.0 10.4 22.0 1.6 2.4 0.8 0.4 1.2 0.8 Female 26.4 24.0 23.6 11.2 2.0 1.2 2.4 2.0 4.8 2.4 All 30.4 25.0 17.0 16.6 1.8 1.8 1.6 1.2 3.0 1.6 The most popular response was to walk slowly away. This was mentioned by about 30 percent of all people. Whereas bear knowledge did not discriminate answers given to this response, males were more likely to mention it than females. The next most popular was to stand still, motionless, freeze, etc. The third most frequent response mentioned was to run away, certainly not too wise since running often stimulates chasing. Below median people were more likely to mention it than the above median, and females were more likely to list this as a response than were males. Since females are, on the whole, perhaps less adept at running than males, it would seem as if this was something of a panic response. A far less popular response of the same type was climbing a tree (black bears are good climbers), which was five times more likely to be mentioned by women than men. The fourth most popular alternative was to avoid, move aside, keep one's distance, etc. It was cited by more than twice as many above median than below median people and by males over females almost in the same ratio. All other responses were listed by only 3 percent or less of all visitors, but it is interesting that attempts to frighten, scare off or throw objects at the bear were listed by twice as many below median as above median persons and by twice as many males as females, indicating that ignorant bravado may be at work. CONCLUSION A large amount of data has been presented which, nonetheless, does not do justice to the survey as a whole. Certainly, many of the responses to given 272
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IUCN Publications new series No. 23
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I n t he bear park on Hokkai do. (P
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Bear Proceedings © IUCN, Morges, S
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Contents Introduction to the biolog
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Introduction to the Biology and Man
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National parks in the United States
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Dr. Krott studied the behaviour of
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LENTFER, J. W., HENSEL, R. J., MILL
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PANEL 1: THE ECOLOGY, POPULATION CH
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dary. This procedure has the advant
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TABLE 2. ACTIVITY AREA DATA FROM FO
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found along adjacent foothills. Low
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numerous census techniques and in m
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SEX RATIOS There was no significant
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HARTLEY, H. O. 1958. Maximum likeli
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to the grizzlies, soapberry (Shephe
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In an area of approximately 500 squ
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cruises of known mileage by foot an
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156 miles on the Sugar lands route
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From a total of 92 survey forms dis
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Fig. 1 Location of standard canine
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TABLE 2. PRODUCT-MOMENT CORRELATION
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FIG. 2. Age structure of the 1967 b
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However, certain relationships were
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head from these bears. Commission p
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Fig. 1. Distribution of 1969 grizzl
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TABLE 4. ANNUAL HARVEST OF GRIZZLY
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on an offal pile or on a deer or el
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An undetermined species of hookworm
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Providing information to personnel
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Fig. 1 Distribution and abundance o
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still winter conditions. On emergin
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utting time were in an exhausted st
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ut recent information is lacking. F
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Simultaneously the isolated souther
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CONSERVATION The brown bear is not
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F. Craighead. In the Yellowstone po
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PANEL 2: DENNING—CONTROL MECHANIS
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Fig. 1 Radio location system Fig. 2
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neck diameter by inserting two scre
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Fig. 5 Bearings of transmitter sign
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TABLE 4. CHARACTERISTICS OF ACTIVE
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TABLE 5. CHARACTERISTICS OF INACTIV
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Fig. 7 Location of den of No. 40 by
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Fig. 10 Den of sow No. 40 (1966), s
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the cave, she could discourage unso
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emained in the den. In late afterno
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Our observations reveal that mature
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, , 1971. Biotelemetry Research wit
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winter denning of bears to allow an
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Fig. 1 View of den excavated by bla
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from the earth as a heat sink to th
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DENNING OF POLAR BEARS Conditions T
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Fig. 6 Polar bear maximum and minim
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and experiments of Whalen (1965) ar
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throughout the year on wild caught
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Fig. 9 EKG intervals of mammals. No
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SOUTH, F. E. & HOUSE, W. A. 1967. E
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willow and grasses in mountainous a
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TABLE 1. FREQUENCY DISTRIBUTION OF
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TABLE 3. DIMENSIONS IN FEET OF 26 B
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Fig. 2 Three den types: (A) atypica
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to 40°F; nice clear high pressure
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around that you could equate to a p
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PANEL 3: POLAR BEAR STUDIES Infra-r
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projection on a screen or on photog
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PANEL 3: POLAR BEAR STUDIES Further
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RESULTS A major polar bear winter d
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A small number of denned adults wit
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Fig. 6 A winter den of a female and
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ears has never been reported outsid
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gravel areas shallow dens are dug l
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Fig. 11 Diagram of a typical deep b
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DISCUSSION The winter polar bear de
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Even the winter dens differ from th
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Until 1970, the following major law
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He states that there is a connectio
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7. LÖNÖ, O. 1970. Norsk Polarinst
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Polar pack ice covers the central p
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POLAR BEAR DISTRIBUTION IN RELATION
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from the vicinity of Wrangel Island
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PANEL 3: POLAR BEAR STUDIES Immobil
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After firing we kept watch over the
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RESULTS Results of the experiments
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} Duration of immobilization; comme
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One attempt was made to immobilize
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BREEDING ECOLOGY General informatio
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Fig. 1 The Drem-Head mountains, an
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TABLE 2. DISTRIBUTION OF DENS ACCOR
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Fig. 5 Structure of 6 dens: 1. (a)
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Fig. 7 Interior of den, showing cla
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We were lucky to observe three time
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In the upper reaches of the Neozhid
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In good weather, opened dens with s
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PANEL 3: POLAR BEAR STUDIES SUMMARY
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not be done, the hunter was given a
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Fig. 1 The contribution of year cla
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DISCUSSION Fluctuations in bear har
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REFERENCES FREE, S.& SAUER, P.R. 19
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the primate temporal lobe which is
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Fig. 1 The two cubs sucking on the
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Kit drank more on only 15. In June
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would immediately show interest, co
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Fig. 5 Resting self-play with branc
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A highly developed greeting ceremon
Page 217 and 218: KROTT, P. & KROTT, G. 1963. Zum Ver
Page 219 and 220: EVOLUTION OF BLACK BEARS AND THE BR
Page 221 and 222: they did not in general cease their
Page 223 and 224: Fig. 4 Fig. 3 226
Page 225 and 226: Many field observations suggest tha
Page 227 and 228: groups even with very frequent dump
Page 229 and 230: PANEL 4: BEAR BEHAVIOUR Social Beha
Page 231 and 232: The capture and tagging of 13 bears
Page 233 and 234: TABLE 3. SOCIAL RANK OF 22 BEARS OB
Page 235 and 236: TABLE 4. BEHAVIOR COMPONENTS OF BEA
Page 237 and 238: Fig 5 Bear 'confronting' an opponen
Page 239 and 240: Bears at the falls minimized compet
Page 241 and 242: the same manner as Mr. Stonorov obs
Page 243 and 244: males have their way. I'd say this,
Page 245 and 246: my way back to camp and I'd carried
Page 247 and 248: ears in Montana. It was masked by g
Page 249 and 250: ears like that, the subadults, usua
Page 251 and 252: The second observation I want to ma
Page 253 and 254: In the summer of 1969,Mr.Carlye Bla
Page 255 and 256: TABLE 1. DEMOGRAPHIC CHARACTERISTIC
Page 257 and 258: TABLE 3. KNOWLEDGE OF BLACK BEAR FO
Page 259 and 260: conception of the size of the black
Page 261 and 262: Occupation Occupation was not relat
Page 263 and 264: TABLE 6. ATTITUDE TOWARD ANIMALS IN
Page 265 and 266: The Elkmont campers were most conce
Page 267: TABLE 9. VISITOR ATTITUDE CONCERNIN
Page 271 and 272: PANEL 5: BEARS AND HUMAN BEINGS Pre
Page 273 and 274: number of visitors per year was abo
Page 275 and 276: TABLE 1. RELATIONSHIPS BETWEEN CAMP
Page 277 and 278: that fed at a dump. Weaned young, s
Page 279 and 280: TABLE 3. RECORDS ON GRIZZLY-CAUSED
Page 281 and 282: Canyon. Other coinciding circumstan
Page 283 and 284: number of intrusions into park deve
Page 285 and 286: REFERENCES CRAIGHEAD, J. J., HORNOC
Page 287 and 288: Glacier National Park Glacier Natio
Page 289 and 290: settlements in the park. Arthur Whe
Page 291 and 292: will be summarised here to provide
Page 293 and 294: C.P.R. 1889. Fishing and Shooting o
Page 295 and 296: Much later, in 1875, George Bird Gr
Page 297 and 298: its community. In other words, its
Page 299 and 300: COUES, Elliott (Ed.) 1965a. New lig
Page 301 and 302: PANEL 5: BEARS AND HUMAN BEINGS Gri
Page 303 and 304: to and after this month. Our census
Page 305 and 306: They have shaped and are integrally
Page 307 and 308: individually and quantitatively doc
Page 309 and 310: ecome thoroughly conditioned to man
Page 311 and 312: National Park Service Report, 'Griz
Page 313 and 314: This just equals the average annual
Page 315 and 316: has helped the sanitation problem.
Page 317 and 318: 3 years of phase-out (Table 7). Thu
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TABLE 8. CAMPGROUND CAPTURES OF FIV
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TABLE 9. DISPERSAL OF 34 COLOR-MARK
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Fig. 6 Dispersal of 34 marked and t
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Fig. 10 A grizzly individually mark
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No. 8 moved 14 airline miles to the
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CRAIGHEAD, J. J. & CRAIGHEAD, F. C.
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PANEL 5: BEARS AND HUMAN BEINGS SUM
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ears present the least conflict wit
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een marked. This could be done alon
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spring and fall and so in a way it
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that we would have too much difficu
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and southward into the Mizo Hills a
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now but a relict population, is und
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This suggests a population of close
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Yoho, Kootenay and Glacier National
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support approximately 3, 300 bears
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Natural mortality is estimated at a
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TABLE 2. BLACK BEAR GAME STATUS STA
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TABLE 3. KILL FIGURES FOR BLACK BEA
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The research already undertaken has
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smallest takes is 11 bears from a t
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transplant or into zoos may have to
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HATLER,D. F. 1967. Some aspects in
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Index Figures in bold type are rele
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INDEX OF OTHERS WHO PARTICIPATED IN
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