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A further problem in the measurement of basal heart rates is the time of day at which the measurements are made. The sleeping heart rate of the bear is undoubtedly lowest both in the free environment and in captivity from approximately 10 p.m. in the evening until perhaps 6 a.m. However, bears can sleep deeply during the daytime. We believe that there is a physiological setting for most mammals by day and by night so that all physiological readings may be higher at one time of the day than they are 12 hours later. Therefore, it is difficult to accept from the literature sleeping heart rates unless one knows the day-night rhythm of the animal. To be specific, we are certain that at times we observed our grizzly bears to sleep with a heart rate of 50 b/m near midnight but to be in a deep sleep with a heart rate of 70 b/m near noontime. We have, however, made use of what information is at hand by plotting noon and midnight values of some of our bears. There is a reasonably good fit of this data with Clark's theoretical formula. We had mentioned earlier that totally different mammals may have a sleeping heart rate between 40 and 50 b/m, and I presume that it is the smaller animals that are the exception to the rule, and not the larger bears. IS THE BEAR A HIBERNATOR One may judge at this point that the extreme reduction in heart rate, digestion and excretion, and a partial reduction in body temperature and in metabolism, indicate that the bear at least semi-hibernates. There is one more bit of evidence to explain the relationship of the three bear species to other mammalian hibernators. It is accepted that hibernators have a very short Q-T segment on the EKG pattern. This means that if we consider that the EKG pattern is made up of three spikes for each heart beat, then the third spike is closer to the second one in mammalian hibernators than it is with the rest of the mammals. There is one exception to this generalization which is that mice and rats also have a short Q-T segment. We have begun to look for evidence in the three species of bears for the presence of a short Q-T segment. Since this segment might change with increased heart rate in the individual, we have attempted to accumulate data only from mammals which are resting or asleep. Most of the species have been tested by radio-telemetry in our own laboratory. Results are expressed as the QT : RR ratio; the line of best fit through the origin represents a constant ratio in spite of variable heart rates (Fig. 9). Points off the line represent a Q-T segment which is shorter than that found in typical mammals. This is apparent in the EKG record of a polar bear (Fig. 10). One hibernator (Arctic Ground Squirrel), the bears and their relatives (the raccoons) depart from the constant ratio. There are two departures from this generalization. The bats are hibernators and although they fall on the line, they may represent the beginning of a hibernator line representing a different ratio from that of ordinary mammals. The other exception is the Arctic fox, a non-hibernator. There is a reasonable explanation for this. The heart beat of the fox, and the daily work of the heart of the fox is entirely different from that of other mammals. This relationship has been discussed in detail in an earlier paper (Folk 1963). The heart of the fox must rest approximately every half hour, then it may change to a heart beat of five times resting value for a brief time and then return to baseline. So far we have found no other 'heart' which shows this behavior; perhaps it explains the occurrence of the fox Q-T segment which is similar to that of hibernators and the bear group rather than that of typical mammals. 121
Fig. 9 EKG intervals of mammals. Note departures from the usual constant ratio between heart rate (RR interval) and QT interval. Hibernators have an unusually short QT interval. Fig. 10 EKG pattern of polar bear weighing about 660 lbs recorded by Iowa radio-capsule (long-life, short range, implanted in peritoneal cavity). We conclude that this evidence from the Q-T segment supports the position of the bears having an intermediate relationship between hibernators and nonhibernators. REFERENCES BEER, J. R. & RICHARDS, A. G. 1956. Hibernation of the big brown bat. J. Mammal., 37: 31-41. CADE, T. J. 1964. The evolution of torpidity in rodents, p. 77-101. In Mammalian Hibernation II, P. Suomalainen, Ed. Suomalainen Tiedeakatemia, Helsinki. 122
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IUCN Publications new series No. 23
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I n t he bear park on Hokkai do. (P
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Bear Proceedings © IUCN, Morges, S
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Contents Introduction to the biolog
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Introduction to the Biology and Man
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National parks in the United States
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Dr. Krott studied the behaviour of
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LENTFER, J. W., HENSEL, R. J., MILL
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PANEL 1: THE ECOLOGY, POPULATION CH
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dary. This procedure has the advant
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TABLE 2. ACTIVITY AREA DATA FROM FO
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found along adjacent foothills. Low
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numerous census techniques and in m
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SEX RATIOS There was no significant
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HARTLEY, H. O. 1958. Maximum likeli
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to the grizzlies, soapberry (Shephe
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In an area of approximately 500 squ
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cruises of known mileage by foot an
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156 miles on the Sugar lands route
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From a total of 92 survey forms dis
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Fig. 1 Location of standard canine
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TABLE 2. PRODUCT-MOMENT CORRELATION
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FIG. 2. Age structure of the 1967 b
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However, certain relationships were
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head from these bears. Commission p
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Fig. 1. Distribution of 1969 grizzl
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TABLE 4. ANNUAL HARVEST OF GRIZZLY
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on an offal pile or on a deer or el
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An undetermined species of hookworm
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Providing information to personnel
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Fig. 1 Distribution and abundance o
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Page 69 and 70: utting time were in an exhausted st
Page 71 and 72: PANEL 1: THE ECOLOGY, POPULATION CH
Page 73 and 74: ut recent information is lacking. F
Page 75 and 76: Simultaneously the isolated souther
Page 77 and 78: CONSERVATION The brown bear is not
Page 79 and 80: F. Craighead. In the Yellowstone po
Page 81 and 82: PANEL 2: DENNING—CONTROL MECHANIS
Page 83 and 84: Fig. 1 Radio location system Fig. 2
Page 85 and 86: neck diameter by inserting two scre
Page 87 and 88: Fig. 5 Bearings of transmitter sign
Page 89 and 90: TABLE 4. CHARACTERISTICS OF ACTIVE
Page 91 and 92: TABLE 5. CHARACTERISTICS OF INACTIV
Page 93 and 94: Fig. 7 Location of den of No. 40 by
Page 95 and 96: Fig. 10 Den of sow No. 40 (1966), s
Page 97 and 98: the cave, she could discourage unso
Page 99 and 100: emained in the den. In late afterno
Page 101 and 102: Our observations reveal that mature
Page 103 and 104: , , 1971. Biotelemetry Research wit
Page 105 and 106: winter denning of bears to allow an
Page 107 and 108: Fig. 1 View of den excavated by bla
Page 109 and 110: from the earth as a heat sink to th
Page 111 and 112: DENNING OF POLAR BEARS Conditions T
Page 113 and 114: Fig. 6 Polar bear maximum and minim
Page 115 and 116: and experiments of Whalen (1965) ar
Page 117: throughout the year on wild caught
Page 121 and 122: SOUTH, F. E. & HOUSE, W. A. 1967. E
Page 123 and 124: willow and grasses in mountainous a
Page 125 and 126: TABLE 1. FREQUENCY DISTRIBUTION OF
Page 127 and 128: TABLE 3. DIMENSIONS IN FEET OF 26 B
Page 129 and 130: Fig. 2 Three den types: (A) atypica
Page 131 and 132: to 40°F; nice clear high pressure
Page 133 and 134: around that you could equate to a p
Page 135 and 136: PANEL 3: POLAR BEAR STUDIES Infra-r
Page 137 and 138: projection on a screen or on photog
Page 139 and 140: PANEL 3: POLAR BEAR STUDIES Further
Page 141 and 142: RESULTS A major polar bear winter d
Page 143 and 144: A small number of denned adults wit
Page 145 and 146: Fig. 6 A winter den of a female and
Page 147 and 148: ears has never been reported outsid
Page 149 and 150: gravel areas shallow dens are dug l
Page 151 and 152: Fig. 11 Diagram of a typical deep b
Page 153 and 154: DISCUSSION The winter polar bear de
Page 155 and 156: Even the winter dens differ from th
Page 157 and 158: Until 1970, the following major law
Page 159 and 160: He states that there is a connectio
Page 161 and 162: 7. LÖNÖ, O. 1970. Norsk Polarinst
Page 163 and 164: Polar pack ice covers the central p
Page 165 and 166: POLAR BEAR DISTRIBUTION IN RELATION
Page 167 and 168: from the vicinity of Wrangel Island
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PANEL 3: POLAR BEAR STUDIES Immobil
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After firing we kept watch over the
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RESULTS Results of the experiments
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} Duration of immobilization; comme
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One attempt was made to immobilize
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BREEDING ECOLOGY General informatio
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Fig. 1 The Drem-Head mountains, an
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TABLE 2. DISTRIBUTION OF DENS ACCOR
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Fig. 5 Structure of 6 dens: 1. (a)
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Fig. 7 Interior of den, showing cla
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We were lucky to observe three time
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In the upper reaches of the Neozhid
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In good weather, opened dens with s
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PANEL 3: POLAR BEAR STUDIES SUMMARY
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not be done, the hunter was given a
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Fig. 1 The contribution of year cla
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DISCUSSION Fluctuations in bear har
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REFERENCES FREE, S.& SAUER, P.R. 19
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the primate temporal lobe which is
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Fig. 1 The two cubs sucking on the
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Kit drank more on only 15. In June
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would immediately show interest, co
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Fig. 5 Resting self-play with branc
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A highly developed greeting ceremon
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KROTT, P. & KROTT, G. 1963. Zum Ver
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EVOLUTION OF BLACK BEARS AND THE BR
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they did not in general cease their
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Fig. 4 Fig. 3 226
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Many field observations suggest tha
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groups even with very frequent dump
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PANEL 4: BEAR BEHAVIOUR Social Beha
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The capture and tagging of 13 bears
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TABLE 3. SOCIAL RANK OF 22 BEARS OB
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TABLE 4. BEHAVIOR COMPONENTS OF BEA
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Fig 5 Bear 'confronting' an opponen
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Bears at the falls minimized compet
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the same manner as Mr. Stonorov obs
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males have their way. I'd say this,
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my way back to camp and I'd carried
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ears in Montana. It was masked by g
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ears like that, the subadults, usua
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The second observation I want to ma
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In the summer of 1969,Mr.Carlye Bla
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TABLE 1. DEMOGRAPHIC CHARACTERISTIC
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TABLE 3. KNOWLEDGE OF BLACK BEAR FO
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conception of the size of the black
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Occupation Occupation was not relat
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TABLE 6. ATTITUDE TOWARD ANIMALS IN
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The Elkmont campers were most conce
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TABLE 9. VISITOR ATTITUDE CONCERNIN
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TABLE 12. ANSWERS OF VISITORS TO QU
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PANEL 5: BEARS AND HUMAN BEINGS Pre
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number of visitors per year was abo
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TABLE 1. RELATIONSHIPS BETWEEN CAMP
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that fed at a dump. Weaned young, s
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TABLE 3. RECORDS ON GRIZZLY-CAUSED
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Canyon. Other coinciding circumstan
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number of intrusions into park deve
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REFERENCES CRAIGHEAD, J. J., HORNOC
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Glacier National Park Glacier Natio
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settlements in the park. Arthur Whe
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will be summarised here to provide
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C.P.R. 1889. Fishing and Shooting o
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Much later, in 1875, George Bird Gr
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its community. In other words, its
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COUES, Elliott (Ed.) 1965a. New lig
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PANEL 5: BEARS AND HUMAN BEINGS Gri
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to and after this month. Our census
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They have shaped and are integrally
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individually and quantitatively doc
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ecome thoroughly conditioned to man
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National Park Service Report, 'Griz
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This just equals the average annual
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has helped the sanitation problem.
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3 years of phase-out (Table 7). Thu
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TABLE 8. CAMPGROUND CAPTURES OF FIV
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TABLE 9. DISPERSAL OF 34 COLOR-MARK
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Fig. 6 Dispersal of 34 marked and t
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Fig. 10 A grizzly individually mark
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No. 8 moved 14 airline miles to the
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CRAIGHEAD, J. J. & CRAIGHEAD, F. C.
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PANEL 5: BEARS AND HUMAN BEINGS SUM
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ears present the least conflict wit
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een marked. This could be done alon
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spring and fall and so in a way it
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that we would have too much difficu
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and southward into the Mizo Hills a
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now but a relict population, is und
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This suggests a population of close
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Yoho, Kootenay and Glacier National
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support approximately 3, 300 bears
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Natural mortality is estimated at a
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TABLE 2. BLACK BEAR GAME STATUS STA
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TABLE 3. KILL FIGURES FOR BLACK BEA
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The research already undertaken has
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smallest takes is 11 bears from a t
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transplant or into zoos may have to
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HATLER,D. F. 1967. Some aspects in
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Index Figures in bold type are rele
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INDEX OF OTHERS WHO PARTICIPATED IN
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Bears - IUCN

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